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6 Panel 1income. Although total income in Selangor was thehighest, percentage of off-farm income in Penang wasbiggest among the five areas. While Sg.Burong inSelangor was the most advanced area for rice farming,Penang was well known as an industrialized area.Followed by Penang, off-farm incomes in Kelantanand Terengganu were higher than in the areas on theWest Coast. This suggests that the West Coast is notalways the keyword for diversified household incomesamong these five areas.ItemsMADAIADA PulauPinangIADA BaratLaut SelangorNumber of households studied 40 42 42 37 40Average familly size (persons) 4.8 5.6 5.1 5.0 5.5Job of head of householdFull-time (paddy only) 13 17 17 3 11Part-time 27 25 25 0 29Characteristics of householdFull-time farm household 10 3 14 - 4Part-time farm household 30 39 28 3 36No.of farmers by tenurial statusLandlord 0 9 0 50 0Landlord-owner farmer 0 1 0 1 0Owner farmers 4 21 11 0 9Owner-tenant farmers 17 16 8 1 12Tenant farmers 19 5 23 3 19Average farm size (acre) 8.2 2.7 6.3 0.8 6.9Source:Oen survey 2010 and 2011.Note:farm land size does not include the land of landlord in Penang state.Table 1. Outline of the studied villages and their characteristicsKADAIADAKETARAPenang Kedah SelangorFarm households incomeFrequencyAverage SD Frequency Average SD Frequency Average(ringgit)(ringgit)(ringgit)SDless than 1,000 2 605 261 5 611 133 2 728 3051,000-1,999 3 1,584 172 10 1,408 283 9 1,394 2392,000-2,999 6 2,410 307 9 2,506 326 7 2,687 2803,000-3,999 6 3,470 319 5 3,432 199 7 3,455 2694,000-4,999 10 4,582 296 6 4,447 238 8 4,618 2955,000-5,999 4 5,328 150 2 5,527 252 1 5,756-6,000-6,999 3 6,328 284 1 6,952 -1 6,812-7,000-7,999 2 7,446 71 1 7,577 -1 7,042-more than 8,000 6 9,808 2,557 1 8,779 -6 15,338 7,840Overall average 42 4,792 2,793 40 2,947 1,989 42 4,895 5,335KelantanTerengganuOverallFarm households incomeFrequencyAverage SD Frequency Average SD Frequency Average(ringgit)(ringgit)(ringgit)SDless than 1,000 16 546 246 7 522 281 29 581.4 238.91,000-1,999 8 1,390 351 8 1,417 131 41 1,431.0 256.92,000-2,999 7 2,312 207 8 2,328 288 36 2,507.8 296.03,000-3,999 5 3,400 251 10 3,419 323 33 3,443.3 273.44,000-4,999 1 4,908 0 3 4,610 258 25 4,508.6 287.45,000-5,999 0 - - 2 5,735 139 14 5,547.5 291.16,000-6,999 1 6,083 0 1 6,808 -6 6,547.3 381.47,000-7,999 1 7,092 0 0 - -4 7,288.7 238.9more than 8,000 0 - - 2 10,916 1,885 13 12,258.0 5,992.2Overall average 37 1,824 1,617 40 2,969 2,433 201 3,470.7 3,237.9Source: Own survey in 2006, 2008, 20010 and 2011.Table 2: Income distribution of total household income in the five areasThe Work of the 2010/2011 API Fellows