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MULTIPLE IDENTITIES VIA THE GLOBALIZATION OF ART, MEDIA AND PERFORMANCE 113themed ones featuring gardens, temples, castles,and palaces. The more specific maps usuallyconsider the said city landmarks merely asstarting points for finding more specific spots orobjects. The specially-themed maps usuallycover:Historic/religious buildings and sites. Oneinteresting map is the Higashiyama RoadsideBuddha Statue Map featuring several statueswithin the Higashiyama area (SoutheasternKyoto). It depicts different manifestations ofBuddha (Furebotoke, Sawaribotoke,Iyashihotoke), as well as some other objectsthought to possess healing properties. Themap encourages visitors to this area to touchthose objects in certain ways to earn merit.Another map encourages visitors to collectand stick a series of shuin (temple’s officialstamp) on a certain portion of their map. Thebearer of the completed map receives a specialsouvenir as his or her prize.Natural Features. One example: TheKYOTO TRAIL MAP (http://kaiwai.city.kyoto.jp/raku/kanko_top/kyoto_trail_en.html) is a paid map thatfeatures a hiking course covering about 70kilometers. The hike starts from FushimiInari Taisha Shrine (southeast of the city),leading to Mount Hiei, Ohara and Kuramaareas, Takao, Arashiyama, and, finally, toKoke-dera Temple on the west side.Accommodation and Commercial Facilities(inns, shops, cafes). This is, perhaps, the mostabundant and most costly map of all. Usually,it comes in the form of a thick booklet oreven a pocket book. The publication(production) of the map is usually subsidizedby advertisements, which somehow affects itsobjectivity. Some maps are even sold at aprofit. There are also maps of this type thatcombine several types of maps within a singlepublication.Other special interests. A map that fallsunder this category would be the Map of theArt Museum in Kyoto that features Kyoto’snumerous public and private art museums,complete with exhibition schedules and a listof the famous artworks in the museum. In asense, Diane Durston’s book Old Kyoto whichwas mentioned earlier is also a special interestmap, albeit with larger sections devoted todetailed explanations on the featured objects.3. Mapping by Distance and Mode ofTransportationThis map category is extremely effective forthose users whose times are limited. Thecoverage area is usually defined by the amount oftime needed to reach all the featured objects(destinations?) on a predestined path, usingcertain modes of transportation (walking, ridinga bike, riding a car, or even taking the train). Forexample, the KYOTO WALKING MAPfeatures interesting objects and scenic spots thatare reachable within 20 minutes of walking.Another map features objects and scenic spotsthat accessible along a specific railroad route, thetrain being the most popular transportationmode in Japan. The Uji Walking Map,published by Japan Railway (JR) Companyfeatures additional information such as walkingtime and distance from each object(destination),with the starting and ending points (naturally)being at the nearest JR train station.It is worth noting that most major railwaycompanies in Japan are actively engaged inpromoting tourist destinations. Differentbanners for different seasons are hung inside thetrain’s cabin, advertising various tourist eventsand destinations along the train’s route. Everyspring, Randen—the only streetcar operator leftin Kyoto—proudly advertises its scenic route(lined with sakura trees in full bloom) toArashiyama, while on certain summer nights,Eizan Railway happily conveys large crowds oftourists to the north to witness the Kurama FireFestival, for free.4. Mapping by Calendrical EventsThis map category is perhaps unique to Japan. Itincludes maps that feature regular events andfestivals, especially those held to celebrate thechange in seasons. Celebrating a change inseason is always a huge event in Japan, withthousands of locals visiting one spot afteranother within days, vying for the perfecthanami (sakura blossom-viewing party) spot inspring, or the perfect momiji (maple leaf party)spot in autumn. To appreciate the fullybloomingsakura or the brilliant red maple leaf, itis crucial to arrive on the right spot at the rightThe Work of the 2010/2011 API Fellows
114 Panel 3time. Kyoto is the nation’s favorite place forcelebrating the change of season, and the KyotoSakura Map, the special map that plots the besthanami or momiji spot on a certain date, isextremely helpful. Yahoo® Japan has, in fact,devised a special mobile-map application toindicate in percentage the blooming progress ofsakura flowers in favorite hanami or momijispots.5. Mapping by PeriodThe existence of a series of old Kyoto maps,some dating back to the 17 th century AD, hasenabled some cartographers to put layer uponlayer of maps chronologically, thus simulatingthe development of Kyoto year after year. Aparticular publication stands out for this kind ofmap: the Time Trip Map by Jidai Map(www.jidaimap.jp). A layer of transparent map(made from a vellum sheet) is laid on top ofanother transparent map, thus enabling theviewer to see chronologically all the gradualchanges that the city has been through. Aresearch done in Kyoto Ritsumeikan Universitytakes the experience further by reconstructingthe entire city in certain eras using old maps, GISdata and computer-generated building models.Several layers of these city models are then laidvirtually on top of each other, to enable theviewer to simulate the urbanscape changes inthree-dimensional form.Most of these offline maps have their digital,downloadable versions as well, mainly forenvironmental reasons rather than as a matter ofconvenience. This digital version may gain popularityin the future, mostly due to the rapid development oflightweight tablet computers such as Apple® iPad.Nevertheless, the printed-version is more ubiquitousand is easier to use, making it simply irreplaceable inthe near future.C. User Responses and the Participation of LocalCommunitiesDue to limited resources, the author did notcommence a full-scale survey to obtain acomprehensive account of the users’ responses to themaps. Rather, the author relied on the interpretationof data obtained from a series of existing map-makingefforts (ca.2000-2006). Those were undertaken mostlyto comprise an important step in the machi-zukkuri(“town-planning”) decision-making process, for whichlocals were involved in communal mapping efforts toidentify potentials and drawbacks within theirneighborhood. Satoshi Otsuki et al. (2006) questionedthe effectiveness of those so-called “map-makingmethods”. Based on his findings, he concluded thattheir effectiveness would significantly increase if theusers were directly involved in the process.Otsuki thus implies two user categories according totheir degree of participation:1. Users who are directly involved in the mapmakingprocess, usually local inhabitants or localbusinesses.2. Those who are not directly involved in the mapmakingprocess (especially tourists).a. For them, the goals, scopes and boundariesof those maps must be clearly indicated;b. As far as they are concerned, there is a lackof detailed information in those maps dueto the media’s limited capacity;c. Dis<strong>org</strong>anized, confusing informationcommonly found on certain maps areusually intended to cater to users who are asvaried as possible. A specialized map ismore effective.According to the author’s observation, the first usercategory usually plays an important role in new and/orsmall-scale tourist destinations, where the lack of acomprehensive source of information usuallyfacilitates more intensive interaction between thelocals and the visitors. This was observed during theauthor’s brief visit to Miyazu Town, north of Kyoto.Miyazu is a small, sleepy place located near the famousAmano-Hashidate (“Heaven’s Bridge”), one of the topthree major natural tourist destinations in Japan.However, due to the lack of other tourist destinations,the duration of the tourist’s visit to Miyazu is usuallyrather brief. Miyazu’s Town Council had developed atourist map involving a large number of locals whocould identify interesting spots and objects previouslyknown only to locals. This move has also prepared thecity inhabitants to interact more intensively withtourists in the future, an important factor in creating awarm, welcoming impression.The Work of the 2010/2011 API Fellows
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CULTURE, POWER AND PRACTICES:THE GL
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viABOUT THE BOOKCULTURE, POWER AND
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viiiACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe API Coordin
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x(co-authored with Gunawan Wiradi,
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xiiSri Wahyuni is the director of t
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xivThe gap between rich and poor is
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xviand development mainly: Economy,
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xviiiIn closing, I would like to qu
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xxmovements to defend their rights,
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xxiicomplex relationships between f
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xxivIndonesian Academy of Social Sc
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MULTIPLE MODERNITIES: GLOBALIZATION
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POTENTIAL OF LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND PR
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58 Panel 2(Left) Kurazukuri are anc
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MULTIPLE IDENTITIES VIA SPIRITUALIT
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FLUX AND FLOWS OF PEOPLE, POWER AND
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OPENING REMARKS AND OVERVIEWDr. Rat
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247There is also a massive movement
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249need to be looked at, as globali
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251Appendix IWorkshop ScheduleThe T
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25313:00 - 15:00 Concluding PanelCh
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255THAILANDAroon Puritat, Artist an
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257RAPPORTEURSGarry MorrisonMarian
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Communication, Education and Public
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261have used tourism as a mechanism
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263Panel 4: Multiple Modernities vi
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265out how Asian women politicians
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267CONTACT DETAILS (as of March 201
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