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MULTIPLE MODERNITIES: GLOBALIZATION IN ASIAN CONTEXT7600050004,8954,79240003,8273,30430002,9472,96920001,5911,7451,8241,7081,95110001,2039651,0190116Selangor Kedah Penang Kelantan TerengganuOn -farm income Off -farm income Total household incomeFigure 3. Average of household incomes in the five granaries.Source: Own survey 2010 and 2011.- Income inequalityIncome distribution is illustrated by the differentcharacteristics of household incomes in terms of onfarmand off farm incomes. In this section, we attemptto measure quantitatively the degree of skewness of theincome distribution using the Gini coefficient. TheGini coefficient indicates the degree of concentrationand income inequality. It is based on the covariancebetween income Y of an individual or household andthe F rank that the individual or household occupies inthe distribution of income. This rank takes a valuebetween zero, representing the poorest, and one,representing the richest. Denoting the mean incomeby Y, the standard Gini coefficient is defined as: Gini=2 cov (Y, F) / Y. Table 3 shows the Gini coefficient ofthe total household income in terms of the on-farmand off-farm incomes in the five areas. A comparisonof the Gini-coefficients in both coastal areas indicates awider inequality in the West coast (0.428 among 121farm households) than in the East coast (0.378 among79 farm households). In terms of off-farm incomes,there was wider inequality in Selangor and Kedah.There were rather lower Gini-coefficients in Kelantanand Terengganu. This could due to the fact that offfarmincome is not a predominant income source inSelangor and Kedah. The Gini-coefficient forKelantan indicated that the state had wider inequalitythan the other areas in farm household income, inboth on-farm and off-farm incomes. Overall, the Ginicoefficientsfor the states on the West Coast weresmaller than for the East Coast, for both on-farm andoff-farm incomes.The Work of the 2010/2011 API Fellows