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274 Understanding Smart Sensors• IEEE 1451.1 Network Capable Application Processor InformationModel (approved by IEEE as full-use standard);• IEEE 1451.2 Transducer to Microprocessor Communication Protocoland Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) Formats (approved byIEEE as full-use standard);• IEEE P1451.3 Digital Communication and Transducer ElectronicData Sheet (TEDS) Formats for Distributed Multidrop Systems;• IEEE P1451.4 Mixed-Mode Communication Protocols and TransducerElectronic Data Sheet (TEDS) Formats.As noted, IEEE 1451.1 and 1451.2 have been balloted and accepted asfull-use standards.A number of new terms and acronyms were developed to deal with theelements of smart sensors in an interoperable network. The TEDS is amachine-readable specification of the characteristics of the transducer interface[2]. A smart transducer interface module (STIM) includes the TEDS and thesupporting electronics including the transducer on the transducer side of thehardware interface to the network-capable application processor (NCAP). TheNCAP is a device that supports a network interface, application functionality,and general access to the physical world via one or more transducers. Atransducer-independent interface (TII) is a 10-wire digital communicationinterface that allows an NCAP or host to obtain sensor readings or actuatoractions as well as request TEDS data [1].As shown in Figure 12.1 [1], the four standards tie together theelements linking smart sensors (the STIMS), bus-interface modules, andmixed-mode transducers to the network through the NCAP. The standardsrepresent an extensive effort to provide sufficient detail to achieve interoperabilitywhile allowing flexibility for manufacturers of components, subsystems,and systems.Table 12.1 compares the 1451 family members [3]. The major commonelement is the TEDS or the ability to support a TEDS. The hardware interface,the distance between elements, the signal converter, and the measurement leveldifferentiate the four family members. The approved IEEE 1451.1 and 1451.2standards are thorough documents that are hundreds of pages long. Theremaining sections in this chapter provide more detail on the various familymembers, but interested readers are directed toward the actual documents andthe references.
Standards for Smart Sensing 275Network X libraryP1451.1 APINetworkcapableapplicationprocessor(NCAP)Smarttransducerobjectmodel1451.2P1451.3P1451.4SmarttransducerinterfacemoduleTransducerbusinterfacemoduleMixed-modetransducerNetworkTransducer block,(transducer I/O API)Figure 12.1 IEEE 1451 working relationship. (After: [1].)Table 12.1Summary of IEEE P1451 Family Members (After: [3])MemberHWInterface TEDS DistanceSignalConverterMeasurementLevel1451.1 N/A SupportTEDS1451.2 10-wire YesdigitalP1451.3 4-wiredigitalP1451.4 2- to 4-wireanalog/digitalYesYesN/A N/A SupportsmeasurementsShort point-topointMediummulti-dropMedium pointto-pointYesYesNoRaw digitalengineeringunitsRaw digitalengineeringunitsAnalog
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Understanding Smart SensorsSecond E
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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ContentsPrefacexix1 Smart Sensor Ba
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Contentsix3.3.3 Hall Effect 603.3.4
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Contentsxi5.8 Summary 116References
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Contentsxiii8.3.1 Surface Acoustica
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Contentsxv11.1.1 Integration and Me
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Contentsxvii14.4.4 Electrostatic Me
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PrefaceThe number one challenge fac
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Prefacexxifor well over 6 years. A
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2 Understanding Smart Sensorsobserv
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4 Understanding Smart Sensorssmart
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6 Understanding Smart Sensorsto pro
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8 Understanding Smart Sensorsinclud
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10 Understanding Smart SensorsLevel
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12 Understanding Smart Sensorsuser
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14 Understanding Smart Sensorstechn
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16 Understanding Smart Sensorschang
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18 Understanding Smart Sensorstechn
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20 Understanding Smart Sensors Surf
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22 Understanding Smart Sensorssecon
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24 Understanding Smart SensorsSilic
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26 Understanding Smart SensorsSilic
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28 Understanding Smart SensorsSacri
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30 Understanding Smart Sensors2.4.3
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32 Understanding Smart Sensorsmeasu
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34 Understanding Smart SensorsIon+S
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36 Understanding Smart Sensorssidew
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38 Understanding Smart SensorsTable
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40 Understanding Smart Sensorsoptim
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42 Understanding Smart SensorsAlumi
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44 Understanding Smart SensorsThe f
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46 Understanding Smart Sensors[21]
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The Nature of Semiconductor Sensor
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4Getting Sensor Information Into th
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5Using MCUs/DSPs to Increase Sensor
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Using MCUs/DSPs to Increase Sensor
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6Communications for Smart SensorsBe
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7Control TechniquesA machine is int
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Control Techniques 151Table 7.1Type
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Control Techniques 153otherwise tak
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Control Techniques 155consisting of
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Control Techniques 157Supplied byap
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Control Techniques 159InputX1Synaps
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Control Techniques 1617.6 Adaptive
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Control Techniques 163ObserverHB−
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Control Techniques 165linear-vector
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Control Techniques 1677.7.2 Combine
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Control Techniques 169Domain-type s
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Control Techniques 171[19] De Silva
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8Transceivers, Transponders, andTel
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Transceivers, Transponders, and Tel
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9MEMS Beyond Sensors“And these ot
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 203would not ex
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 205PyrexSilicon
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 207(a)IFluxIIMa
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 209InletThermop
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 211Figure 9.8 A
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 2139.3.2 Microo
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 215Over-range p
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 217+ 10°− 10
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 219achieved wit
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 221Methods for
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Page 251 and 252: Packaging, Testing, and Reliability
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Page 309 and 310: Standards for Smart Sensing 287Tabl
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Page 319 and 320: 13The Implications of Smart SensorS
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The Next Phase of Sensing Systems 3
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations3
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
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Glossaryablationvaporization of mat
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Glossary 353buscalibrationconnectio
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Glossary 355end point straight line
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Glossary 357data transmission and p
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Glossary 359multiplexer device that
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Glossary 361repeatability the maxim
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Glossary 363spread spectrum techniq
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Glossary 365transducer a device con
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Selected BibliographyBooks and Jour
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Selected Bibliography 369Northeaste
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Selected Bibliography 371Miscellane
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About the AuthorRandy Frank is a te
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Index4-to 20-mA signal transmitter,
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Index 377definitions, 119-20introdu
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Index 379HVAC, 318-19MCU with integ
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Index 381Linearization, 108Linear p
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Index 383in chemical measurements,
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Index 385Ratiometricity, 56Reactive
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Index 387IC fabrication, 19micromec
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Index 389Transducer-independent int
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