Understanding Smart Sensors - Nomads.usp

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72 Understanding Smart Sensorsthe task of signal conditioning a broad range of sensor and application circuitsdeveloped for piezoresistive pressure sensors with specific performancecharacteristics.4.2 Amplification and Signal ConditioningMicromachining is used to manufacture a diaphragm or beam thickness tonominal targets. Microelectronics is used to provide the precision for semiconductorsensors. Accuracy combined with ease of interface, cost, power consumption,printed circuit board space, and power supply voltage can be amongthe considerations in the selection of a signal conditioning IC. The semiconductortechnologies used for the modular amplifiers and ICs in this sectionhave a major impact on those criteria.Sensor signal conditioning circuits are based on two fundamental technologies:bipolar and CMOS. However, those two technologies have a vastnumber of derivatives. The requirements of the application should be used todetermine which technology or derivative is appropriate. A performance comparisonbetween bipolar and CMOS for signal conditioning circuits is shownin Table 4.1 [1]. The comparison was performed in the early 1990s. Processtechnology improvements in continuously and rapidly shrinking CMOSprocesses have changed some of the parameters in favor of CMOS, especiallyfor the most advanced processes. At any point in time, the two technologies canbe combined to obtain BiCMOS and the best features of bipolar and CMOS atthe expense of a more complex process, going from a 10-mask bipolar processto one requiring 14/15 mask steps. The BiCMOS process has lower yieldsbecause of the added processing complexity so applications must utilize the performanceimprovements it provides.A 5V supply is commonly used for MCUs and DSPs. Consequently,common signal conditioned outputs for sensors are 0.5–4.5V or 0.25–4.75V.Other standard industrial outputs are 1–6V, 1–5V, and 0–6V. The supplyvoltage for those units can range from 7 to 30V. Data acquisition systems typicallyhave used ±15V, ±12V, and ±5V supplies.Signal conditioners for sensor outputs range from basic low-gain dcamplifiers to specialized amplifiers such as phase-sensitive demodulators [2].Linear, logarithmic, high-gain, and dc-bridge amplifiers all fall in the followingcategories: differential amplifier, ac-coupled amplifier, chopper-stabilizedamplifier, carrier amplifier, dc-bridge amplifier, and ac-level amplifier. Anumber of specialized amplifiers are also used for sensors, including log-linearamplifiers, frequency-to-voltage converters, integrator amplifiers, and differentiatoramplifiers. Those packaged solutions take the low-level output from
Getting Sensor Information Into the MCU 73Table 4.1Comparison of CMOS and BipolarCircuit Element Bipolar CMOSOp amp Very good FairAnalog switch Poor Very goodComparator Very good FairADC Good GoodReference Very good PoorMirror Good Very goodRegulator Very good PoorActive filter Good Very goodLogic Poor Very goodPower amplifier Good Good
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Understanding Smart SensorsSecond E
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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ContentsPrefacexix1 Smart Sensor Ba
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Contentsix3.3.3 Hall Effect 603.3.4
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Contentsxi5.8 Summary 116References
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Contentsxiii8.3.1 Surface Acoustica
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Contentsxv11.1.1 Integration and Me
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Contentsxvii14.4.4 Electrostatic Me
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PrefaceThe number one challenge fac
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Prefacexxifor well over 6 years. A
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2 Understanding Smart Sensorsobserv
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4 Understanding Smart Sensorssmart
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6 Understanding Smart Sensorsto pro
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8 Understanding Smart Sensorsinclud
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10 Understanding Smart SensorsLevel
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12 Understanding Smart Sensorsuser
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14 Understanding Smart Sensorstechn
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16 Understanding Smart Sensorschang
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7Control TechniquesA machine is int
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Control Techniques 151Table 7.1Type
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Control Techniques 153otherwise tak
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Control Techniques 155consisting of
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Control Techniques 157Supplied byap
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Control Techniques 159InputX1Synaps
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Control Techniques 1617.6 Adaptive
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Control Techniques 163ObserverHB−
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Control Techniques 165linear-vector
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Control Techniques 1677.7.2 Combine
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Control Techniques 169Domain-type s
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Control Techniques 171[19] De Silva
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8Transceivers, Transponders, andTel
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Transceivers, Transponders, and Tel
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9MEMS Beyond Sensors“And these ot
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 203would not ex
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 205PyrexSilicon
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 207(a)IFluxIIMa
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 209InletThermop
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 211Figure 9.8 A
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 2139.3.2 Microo
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 215Over-range p
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 217+ 10°− 10
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 219achieved wit
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 221Methods for
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 223Figure 9.19
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 225[21] Tortone
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10Packaging, Testing, and Reliabili
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Packaging, Testing, and Reliability
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11Mechatronics and Sensing SystemsP
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Mechatronics and Sensing Systems 25
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12Standards for Smart SensingThe la
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Standards for Smart Sensing 275Netw
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Standards for Smart Sensing 277NCAP
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Standards for Smart Sensing 279Proc
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Standards for Smart Sensing 281PID
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Standards for Smart Sensing 283•
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Standards for Smart Sensing 285•
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Standards for Smart Sensing 287Tabl
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Standards for Smart Sensing 289perf
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Standards for Smart Sensing 2911 0
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Standards for Smart Sensing 293obje
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Standards for Smart Sensing 295Mult
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13The Implications of Smart SensorS
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The Implications of Smart Sensor St
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14The Next Phase of Sensing Systems
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The Next Phase of Sensing Systems 3
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations3
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
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Glossaryablationvaporization of mat
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Glossary 353buscalibrationconnectio
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Glossary 355end point straight line
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Glossary 357data transmission and p
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Glossary 359multiplexer device that
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Glossary 361repeatability the maxim
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Glossary 363spread spectrum techniq
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Glossary 365transducer a device con
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Selected BibliographyBooks and Jour
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Selected Bibliography 369Northeaste
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Selected Bibliography 371Miscellane
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About the AuthorRandy Frank is a te
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Index4-to 20-mA signal transmitter,
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Index 377definitions, 119-20introdu
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Index 379HVAC, 318-19MCU with integ
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Index 381Linearization, 108Linear p
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Index 383in chemical measurements,
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Index 385Ratiometricity, 56Reactive
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Index 387IC fabrication, 19micromec
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Index 389Transducer-independent int
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