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ainfall data for each location. Mean yield and standard deviation of yield were estimatedfor each genotype at each location.Results1. Yearly yield variation due to rainfall for a given conditionat transplantingThe simulated yield level at Ubon was generally low in these simulations becauseseeding occurred rather late (16 July), the deep percolation rate was high (6 mm d –1 ),and soil fertility was low.Figure 3 shows water levels in the field from transplanting to maturity for fourcontrasting years; 1980 was one of the highest rainfall years, with standing waterlasting until flowering, whereas 1986 had periods in early vegetative stages whenthere was no standing water and standing water disappeared rather early, resulting inyield of 0.93 t ha –1 . The third year, 1993, was a very dry year and standing waterdisappeared well before flowering, resulting in a low yield of 0.58 t ha –1 . In 1996, thewater level was low immediately after transplanting and standing water also disappearedabout 10 d before flowering.Yearly variation in yield was mostly accounted for by the variation in rainfallduring the period from transplanting to maturity (Fig. 4A). In years of high rainfall,Water level (mm)4000FF–400–800–1,2004000Simulated yield = 1.94 t ha –11980FSimulated yield = 0.93 t ha –11986F–400–8001993Simulated yield = 0.58 t ha –1Simulated yield = 1.79 t ha –11996–1,20040 60 80 100 120 140 40 60 80 100 120 140Days after sowingFig. 3. Simulated water levels during growth and flowering of genotype KDML105 forUbon Ratchathani in four selected years. The letter “F” indicates time of flowering.118 Fukai et al
Grain yield (t ha –1 )3R 2 = 0.67Y = –0.49 + 0.0037XA210321039584808296878386 9290 91 768178859388 7789 94790 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800Rainfall (mm)R 2 = 0.42Y = 1.47 + 0.020X958881R 2 = 0.61Y = 1.74 + 0.0018X93869285 7889947779968283769087759180 84–60 –40 –20 0 20FTime of disappearance of standing water(days to flowering)75BC218193 95 77968292 9078 8594888983867587769180840–1,00079–800 –600 –400 –200 0 200 400Water level at flowering (mm)Fig. 4. Relationship between simulated grain yield and (A) rainfall from transplantingto maturity, (B) date of disappearance of standing water relative toflowering (– indicates before flowering and + indicates after flowering), and (C)water levels at flowering for 22 years for Ubon Ratchathani.Modeling water availability, crop growth, and yield . . . 119
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The International Rice Research Ins
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Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
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ForewordRainfed rice areas are asso
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AcknowledgmentsIRRI is most gratefu
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2 Singh et al
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development, for example, provision
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subecosystems were recognized withi
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Table 3. Methods commonly used in e
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Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
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Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
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This included standard countrywide
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deepwater rice ecosystems. The rese
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Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
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Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
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Table 5 continued.Main Scale presen
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levels of involvement. For example,
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●●●ecosystem classifications
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Conclusionsclearly that they are di
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IRRI (International Rice Research I
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Widawsky DA, O’Toole JC. 1990. Pr
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Rice is the staple food crop for mo
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first working group to identify the
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TropicsSubtropicsTemperateSummer/wi
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ferred it for wide adoption by farm
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ing, remote sensing, and computing
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ice environments will be needed to
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Insects and diseasesInsects and dis
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The completeness of characterizatio
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Table 7. Levels and scales for agro
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Jamin JY, Andriesse W. 1993. Discus
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Tools and methodologiesfor biophysi
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Effect of climate, agrohydrology,an
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to water deficit because the crop
Page 68 and 69: for different periods of the year:
Page 70 and 71: depth scenarios (shallow, medium, a
Page 72 and 73: Water table depth (cm)500Shallow wa
Page 74 and 75: Simulated yield (kg ha -1 )6,0005,0
Page 76 and 77: Perception, understanding,and mappi
Page 78 and 79: and rice yield at regional or more
Page 80 and 81: SubareaSampling sites:GridTransectR
Page 82 and 83: was approximately 2,000 m with a to
Page 84 and 85: kg -1 in 50% of the topsoil and sub
Page 86 and 87: Table 3. Class medians were calcula
Page 88 and 89: Hard point dataClay, silt, sandHard
Page 90 and 91: A. Silt (%) B. 0.5 ccdfC. 0.2 ccdf
Page 92 and 93: In summary, the chosen geostatistic
Page 94 and 95: elated over slightly longer distanc
Page 96 and 97: Miura K. 1990. Genetic features of
Page 98 and 99: Rainfed lowland rice, growing with
Page 100 and 101: tively. In 1993, following dry till
Page 102 and 103: Rainfall (mm)Water table depth (cm)
Page 104 and 105: Saturated hydraulic conductivity (c
Page 106 and 107: in the uncompacted C0 plots (6.7 wk
Page 108 and 109: Clay classified≤ 2% 50 ha (2% but
Page 110 and 111: NotesAuthors’ addresses: D. Harnp
Page 112 and 113: target area of a breeding program.
Page 114 and 115: which is calculated from the estima
Page 116 and 117: hence grain yield. The three major
Page 120 and 121: such as 1980 and 1996, yield was hi
Page 122 and 123: Table 1 shows the results of the se
Page 124 and 125: Grain yield (t ha -1 )3UBN 19942103
Page 126 and 127: decreased with the use of old seedl
Page 128 and 129: The use of five genotypes with diff
Page 130 and 131: Mackill DJ, Coffman WR, Garrity DP.
Page 132 and 133: In rainfed agriculture, crop perfor
Page 134 and 135: GrainSite Year Code Group yield San
Page 136 and 137: Criteria considered for selecting r
Page 138 and 139: Table 1. Characteristics of the ref
Page 140 and 141: equired as the quality of the repro
Page 142 and 143: Cooper M, Rajatasereekul S, Immark
Page 144 and 145: 144 Amien and Las
Page 146 and 147: As Indonesia’s staple food, rice
Page 148 and 149: Soil and climate of rainfed lowland
Page 150 and 151: isky when the crop is planted late.
Page 152 and 153: The decrease in harvested area only
Page 154 and 155: than in tidal swamp rice, for which
Page 156 and 157: Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
Page 158 and 159: and, indirectly, methane emission f
Page 160 and 161: Radar backscatter (dB)-7ERS windsca
Page 162 and 163: ERS SAR imageseries2. RSpreprocessi
Page 164 and 165: Fig. 6. Supervised classification o
Page 166 and 167: ConclusionsMonitoring of rice crops
Page 168 and 169:
Characterizing soil phosphorusand p
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Table 1. Area and distribution of s
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Table 2. Lowland area (ha) classifi
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Fig. 1. Extractable soil P map (25%
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Characterizing soil phosphorus and
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Table 4. Recommendations for P appl
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Fig. 4. Extractable soil K map of t
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Fig. 5. Extractable soil K map of t
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● acidic pH (< 6)● low organic
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trials, K recommendations for uplan
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O’Brien DT, Blair G, Lefroy R. 19
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Planning and managing rice farmingt
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lowlands is submergence-prone. Ther
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situations and the allocation of re
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estimation of drought were determin
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Table 2. Effect of date of sowing,
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from October to February and a summ
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Table 3. Promising areas for ground
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1. There are possibilities of growi
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mmmm450350250150ASoil moisture useS
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Table 9. Yield a of preflood ahu (a
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )6Farmers’ l
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ReferencesIRRI (International Rice
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network (Sastry 1976). Temperature
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Temperature (°C) and solar radiati
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Table 1. Characterization of rainfa
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in eastern Uttar Pradesh under norm
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fluctuations/variations in rainfall
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the desirable rainfall period at 50
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The radiation values range from les
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not affect the growth and developme
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Agrohydrologic and drought riskanal
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Analytical procedureThe nature and
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late because of low rainfall at the
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Probability (%)10080604020Vegetativ
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15 August), which may happen twice
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texture), then once in two years (5
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Characterizing biotic stresses
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Characterizing biotic constraintsto
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included in these studies. Later st
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Average number of insects per sweep
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Table 2. Categorization of weed and
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Table 5. Properties of individual c
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ResultsRelations among pests and cr
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Start hereInterview farmers todocum
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Table 10. Information used to prior
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Interpreting the results of indepen
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level. Again, we augment our databa
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NotesAuthors’ address: Cambodia-I
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in soil nutritional status, especia
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flora. The range in elevation acros
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Table 1. Soil characteristics of th
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Table 3. Weed species recorded and
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Proportional abundance (log scale)%
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1.0Echi_colCype_iriMoll_penLind_spp
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+3.0Echi_cruMars_creEcli_albLept_ch
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indicates the need to deploy broad-
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ReferencesBangun P, Pane H, Jatmiko
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Socioeconomic characterization
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The role of characterizationin ex a
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ApproachThe following steps were ta
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PriceDS 0S 1P 0P 1dS 0S 1acbD0 Q 0Q
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Table 1. Ex ante assessment of rese
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Table 2 continued.Ranked byResearch
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Table 3. Research resource allocati
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NotesAuthors’ address: National C
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In addition to the unavailability o
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Socioeconomic constraintsFarm sizeF
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found that a higher rural labor sup
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Table 3. Rice area under HYVs from
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Rice varieties in farmers’ fields
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Table 9. Constraints for low adopti
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vehicle for realizing the untapped
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Parthasarathy G, Prasad DS. 1978. R
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Appendix. Agroclimatic zones of Bih
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such that losses are reduced during
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P = 0.5 R [a 2 C r2+ 2 a (1 - a) g
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and Itgaon, however, the plot-level
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espectively, to farmers’ income.
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Factors determining the adoption of
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mining whether or not modern variet
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irrigation schemes in the study are
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Using gender analysis in characteri
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lytical tool used to identify or di
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However, household members have cer
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Table 1. Village characteristics of
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taking care of dairy cattle. On the
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The biophysical environmentThe perf
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Table 3. Seasonal calendar and gend
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Table 4. Crops grown during the kha
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Table 7. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 8. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 10. Cost and returns of rice
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Gender roles in animal husbandryWhe
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farm activities, 25% in nonfarm act
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for rice but also for cash crops su
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Table 15. Access to agricultural in
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Hossain M. 1995. Recent development
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Agricultural commercializationand l
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Conceptual frameworkPopulation pres
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tional average of 18% 1 , and most
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The Dzao live in medium-altitude ar
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Table 1. Selected districts and com
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Table 2. General characteristics of
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markets for their food needs. With
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ther “extensification” in the u
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the productivity of lowland rice ca
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Boserup E. 1981. Population and tec
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Economics of intensive rainfed lowl
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Area (ha)50,00040,000Irrigated30,00
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The economic characterization and i
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Table 1. Rice varieties planted (19
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Table 4. Yield and input use of maj
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TFP, output and input indices200160
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Lynam JK, Herdt RW. 1989. Sense and
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406 Garcia et al
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Increased rice production had alway
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Table 1. Total rice area, average y
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use of water by avoiding seedbed pr
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water often brought with it a varie
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Table 4. Distribution of farm house
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Soil types found in the villages we
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Table 10. Ownership of agricultural
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in a group) at the rate of $60 per
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Table 13. Pattern of loan use (% of
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Labor and employmentTable 16 presen
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Table 17. Incidence of child labor
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Cumulative proportion of income1.04
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Table 21. Cost and return analysis
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Table 22. Estimated rice yield and
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were often burned for disease contr
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landless population reaching 50-60%
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Integration of biophysical andsocio
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opinion regarding what socioeconomi
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1995-96 Rice production (t)TvRd6Rd1
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Farm-gate price of agricultural goo
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ming the distance of all line segme
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Description of the study areaWe com
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Table 1 continued.Variable Unit1994
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CambodiaFig. 4. Main transport rout
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Table 2. Accessibility indicators f
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ice and the model is applied to exp
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Table 3. Summary of estimates of la
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estimation of a system of multinomi
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The availability of low-saline irri
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Table 5. Simulation of effects of i
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NotesAuthors’ address: Social Sci
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that they synthesize fragmented agr
Page 464 and 465:
Framework for exploratory and predi
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and quantify the spatial distributi
Page 468 and 469:
Seventeen different agricultural pr
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self-sufficiency in rice production
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al warming since maintaining or cre
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eturns to purchased inputs due to u
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Francisco SR, Navarrete Jr. RL, Dim
Page 478:
Wade L. 1998. Nutrient research on
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