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Table 7. Levels and scales for agroecological characterization of inland valleys.Characterization level Scale Unit of analysis ObjectiveMacro level 1:1,000,000 Agroecological Characterization of agroecological zones subdivided into agroecological units on the basis of landto 5,000,000 zone regions (landform and lithology).Reconnaissance 1:100,000 to Country Characterization of agroecological subunits on the basis of precipitation, length of humid period,level 250,000 landform, lithology, drainage density, major upland soils, major land use, and population density.Selection of key areas.Semidetailed level 1:25,000 to Key area Characterization of key valley systems based on soils and valley morphology, period of flooding50,000 and shallow groundwater, size of watersheds, land-use ratio (per land settlement and at valleylevel), crops and crop rotation, socioeconomic factors (market, credit, etc.), and infrastructure.Selection of inland valleys.Detailed level 1:5,000 to Inland valley Characterization of inland valleys on the basis of variation of soils and valley morphology, soil10,000 fertility and toxicity, soil physics (infiltration, permeability), flooding and groundwater dynamics,farming systems and cropping intensity, inputs-outputs, crop varieties, and cropping calendar.Quantification of constraints.Source: Andriesse et al (1994).Table 8. Scales of land-use and water-use planning and management.Level of analysis Scale/spatial IssueresolutionField/production unit < 1:5,000 Productive crops and animals, conservation of soil and water, high levels of soil fertility, low level of soil and(site-specific) water pollutants, low level of crop pests and animal diseases.Farm/village 1:1,000 to Viable crop production systems, food requirements, economic and social needs satisfied, awareness by(local level) 50,000 farmers.Country (national/ 1:25,000 to Judicious development of agroecological potential and use of irrigation water resources, drought and floodsubnational) 2,500,000 risks, food production and food security, conservation of natural resources and biodiversity, land degradation,public awareness.Continent/world 1:1,000,000 to Land degradation and dessertification, conservation of biodiversity, water basin management and water sharing,5,000,000 water pollution, population growth and food security, climate change and agricultural potential, awareness ofregional and global institutions.Source: Koohafkan et al (1998).50 Van Nguu Nguyen
ReferencesAlbergel J, Lamachere JM, Lidon B, Mokadem A, Vandriel W. 1993. Mise en valeur agricoledes bas-fonds au Sahel – Typologie, fonctionnement hydrologique, potentialités agricoles.Rapport final d’un projet CORAF-R3S. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. 335 p.Andriesse W, Fresco LO. 1991. Characterization of rice growing environments in West Africa.Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 33:377-395.Andriesse W, Fresco LO, van Duivenbooden N, Windmeijer PN. 1994. Multi-scale characterizationof inland valley agro-ecosystems in West Africa. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 42(2):159-179.Antoine J. 1994. Linking geographic information systems and FAO’s agro-ecological zonemodels for land resource appraisal. In: World Soil Resources Report 75–AEZ in Asia.Rome (Italy): Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p 35-52.Becker L, Diallo R. 1992. Characterization and classification of rice agro-ecosystems in Côted’Ivoire. Bouaké (Côte d’Ivoire): West Africa Rice Development Association. 252 p.Bowles EJ, Garrity DP. 1988. Development of a comprehensive classification of rice ecosystems.Manila (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute.Cardenas AC, Dilag RT, Pantastico Jr. EB, Haws LD. 1980. An approach to rainfed farming.Laguna (Philippines): Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research andDevelopment. 27 p.Cassman KG, Pingali PL. 1995. Intensification of irrigated rice systems: learning from the pastto meet future challenges. GeoJournal 35:299-305.Cassman KG, Olk DC, Dobermann A. 1997. Scientific evidence of yield and productivitydeclines in irrigated rice systems of tropical Asia. IRC Newsl. 46:7-18.Chandler Jr. RF. 1979. Rice in the tropics: a guide to the development of the national programme.Boulder, Colorado (USA): Westview Press. 256 p.FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1976. Framework for landevaluation. Rome (Italy): FAO.FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1978. World Soil ResourcesReport 48/1 – Africa. Rome (Italy): FAO.FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1980. World Soil ResourcesReport 48/4 – Asia. Rome (Italy): FAO.FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1981. World Soil ResourcesReport 48/3 – Central and South America. Rome (Italy): FAO.FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1994. World Soil ResourcesReport 75 – AEZ in Asia. Rome (Italy): FAO.FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1997. Trends of yield andproductivity of modern rice in irrigated rice systems in Asia. IRC Newsl. 46:19-28.Huke RE. 1982a. Map of South and Southeast Asia. Manila (Philippines): International RiceResearch Institute.Huke RE. 1982b. Rice area by type of culture: South, Southeast, and East Asia. Manila (Philippines):International Rice Research Institute.IRRI (International Rice Research Institute). 1974. An agro-climatic classification for evaluatingcropping systems potentials in Southeast Asian rice-growing regions. Los Baños(Philippines): IRRI. 10 p.IRRI (International Rice Research Institute). 1984. International terminology of rice growingenvironments. Manila (Philippines): IRRI.Characterizing environments for sustainable rice production 51
Page 2 and 3:
The International Rice Research Ins
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Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
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ForewordRainfed rice areas are asso
Page 8 and 9: AcknowledgmentsIRRI is most gratefu
Page 10 and 11: 2 Singh et al
Page 12 and 13: development, for example, provision
Page 14 and 15: subecosystems were recognized withi
Page 16 and 17: Table 3. Methods commonly used in e
Page 18 and 19: Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
Page 20 and 21: Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
Page 22 and 23: This included standard countrywide
Page 24 and 25: deepwater rice ecosystems. The rese
Page 26 and 27: Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
Page 28 and 29: Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
Page 30 and 31: Table 5 continued.Main Scale presen
Page 32 and 33: levels of involvement. For example,
Page 34 and 35: ●●●ecosystem classifications
Page 36 and 37: Conclusionsclearly that they are di
Page 38 and 39: IRRI (International Rice Research I
Page 40 and 41: Widawsky DA, O’Toole JC. 1990. Pr
Page 42 and 43: Rice is the staple food crop for mo
Page 44 and 45: first working group to identify the
Page 46 and 47: TropicsSubtropicsTemperateSummer/wi
Page 48 and 49: ferred it for wide adoption by farm
Page 50 and 51: ing, remote sensing, and computing
Page 52 and 53: ice environments will be needed to
Page 54 and 55: Insects and diseasesInsects and dis
Page 56 and 57: The completeness of characterizatio
Page 60 and 61: Jamin JY, Andriesse W. 1993. Discus
Page 62 and 63: Tools and methodologiesfor biophysi
Page 64 and 65: Effect of climate, agrohydrology,an
Page 66 and 67: to water deficit because the crop
Page 68 and 69: for different periods of the year:
Page 70 and 71: depth scenarios (shallow, medium, a
Page 72 and 73: Water table depth (cm)500Shallow wa
Page 74 and 75: Simulated yield (kg ha -1 )6,0005,0
Page 76 and 77: Perception, understanding,and mappi
Page 78 and 79: and rice yield at regional or more
Page 80 and 81: SubareaSampling sites:GridTransectR
Page 82 and 83: was approximately 2,000 m with a to
Page 84 and 85: kg -1 in 50% of the topsoil and sub
Page 86 and 87: Table 3. Class medians were calcula
Page 88 and 89: Hard point dataClay, silt, sandHard
Page 90 and 91: A. Silt (%) B. 0.5 ccdfC. 0.2 ccdf
Page 92 and 93: In summary, the chosen geostatistic
Page 94 and 95: elated over slightly longer distanc
Page 96 and 97: Miura K. 1990. Genetic features of
Page 98 and 99: Rainfed lowland rice, growing with
Page 100 and 101: tively. In 1993, following dry till
Page 102 and 103: Rainfall (mm)Water table depth (cm)
Page 104 and 105: Saturated hydraulic conductivity (c
Page 106 and 107: in the uncompacted C0 plots (6.7 wk
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Clay classified≤ 2% 50 ha (2% but
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: D. Harnp
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target area of a breeding program.
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which is calculated from the estima
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hence grain yield. The three major
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ainfall data for each location. Mea
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such as 1980 and 1996, yield was hi
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Table 1 shows the results of the se
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )3UBN 19942103
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decreased with the use of old seedl
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The use of five genotypes with diff
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Mackill DJ, Coffman WR, Garrity DP.
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In rainfed agriculture, crop perfor
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GrainSite Year Code Group yield San
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Criteria considered for selecting r
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Table 1. Characteristics of the ref
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equired as the quality of the repro
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Cooper M, Rajatasereekul S, Immark
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144 Amien and Las
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As Indonesia’s staple food, rice
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Soil and climate of rainfed lowland
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isky when the crop is planted late.
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The decrease in harvested area only
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than in tidal swamp rice, for which
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Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
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and, indirectly, methane emission f
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Radar backscatter (dB)-7ERS windsca
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ERS SAR imageseries2. RSpreprocessi
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Fig. 6. Supervised classification o
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ConclusionsMonitoring of rice crops
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Characterizing soil phosphorusand p
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Table 1. Area and distribution of s
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Table 2. Lowland area (ha) classifi
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Fig. 1. Extractable soil P map (25%
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Characterizing soil phosphorus and
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Table 4. Recommendations for P appl
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Fig. 4. Extractable soil K map of t
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Fig. 5. Extractable soil K map of t
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● acidic pH (< 6)● low organic
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trials, K recommendations for uplan
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O’Brien DT, Blair G, Lefroy R. 19
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Planning and managing rice farmingt
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lowlands is submergence-prone. Ther
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situations and the allocation of re
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estimation of drought were determin
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Table 2. Effect of date of sowing,
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from October to February and a summ
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Table 3. Promising areas for ground
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1. There are possibilities of growi
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mmmm450350250150ASoil moisture useS
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Table 9. Yield a of preflood ahu (a
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )6Farmers’ l
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ReferencesIRRI (International Rice
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network (Sastry 1976). Temperature
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Temperature (°C) and solar radiati
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Table 1. Characterization of rainfa
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in eastern Uttar Pradesh under norm
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fluctuations/variations in rainfall
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the desirable rainfall period at 50
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The radiation values range from les
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not affect the growth and developme
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Agrohydrologic and drought riskanal
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Analytical procedureThe nature and
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late because of low rainfall at the
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Probability (%)10080604020Vegetativ
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15 August), which may happen twice
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texture), then once in two years (5
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Characterizing biotic stresses
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Characterizing biotic constraintsto
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included in these studies. Later st
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Average number of insects per sweep
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Table 2. Categorization of weed and
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Table 5. Properties of individual c
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ResultsRelations among pests and cr
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Start hereInterview farmers todocum
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Table 10. Information used to prior
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Interpreting the results of indepen
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level. Again, we augment our databa
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NotesAuthors’ address: Cambodia-I
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in soil nutritional status, especia
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flora. The range in elevation acros
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Table 1. Soil characteristics of th
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Table 3. Weed species recorded and
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Proportional abundance (log scale)%
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1.0Echi_colCype_iriMoll_penLind_spp
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+3.0Echi_cruMars_creEcli_albLept_ch
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indicates the need to deploy broad-
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ReferencesBangun P, Pane H, Jatmiko
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Socioeconomic characterization
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The role of characterizationin ex a
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ApproachThe following steps were ta
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PriceDS 0S 1P 0P 1dS 0S 1acbD0 Q 0Q
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Table 1. Ex ante assessment of rese
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Table 2 continued.Ranked byResearch
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Table 3. Research resource allocati
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NotesAuthors’ address: National C
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In addition to the unavailability o
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Socioeconomic constraintsFarm sizeF
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found that a higher rural labor sup
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Table 3. Rice area under HYVs from
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Rice varieties in farmers’ fields
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Table 9. Constraints for low adopti
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vehicle for realizing the untapped
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Parthasarathy G, Prasad DS. 1978. R
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Appendix. Agroclimatic zones of Bih
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such that losses are reduced during
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P = 0.5 R [a 2 C r2+ 2 a (1 - a) g
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and Itgaon, however, the plot-level
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espectively, to farmers’ income.
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Factors determining the adoption of
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mining whether or not modern variet
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irrigation schemes in the study are
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Using gender analysis in characteri
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lytical tool used to identify or di
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However, household members have cer
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Table 1. Village characteristics of
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taking care of dairy cattle. On the
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The biophysical environmentThe perf
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Table 3. Seasonal calendar and gend
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Table 4. Crops grown during the kha
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Table 7. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 8. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 10. Cost and returns of rice
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Gender roles in animal husbandryWhe
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farm activities, 25% in nonfarm act
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for rice but also for cash crops su
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Table 15. Access to agricultural in
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Hossain M. 1995. Recent development
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Agricultural commercializationand l
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Conceptual frameworkPopulation pres
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tional average of 18% 1 , and most
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The Dzao live in medium-altitude ar
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Table 1. Selected districts and com
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Table 2. General characteristics of
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markets for their food needs. With
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ther “extensification” in the u
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the productivity of lowland rice ca
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Boserup E. 1981. Population and tec
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Economics of intensive rainfed lowl
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Area (ha)50,00040,000Irrigated30,00
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The economic characterization and i
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Table 1. Rice varieties planted (19
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Table 4. Yield and input use of maj
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TFP, output and input indices200160
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Lynam JK, Herdt RW. 1989. Sense and
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406 Garcia et al
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Increased rice production had alway
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Table 1. Total rice area, average y
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use of water by avoiding seedbed pr
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water often brought with it a varie
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Table 4. Distribution of farm house
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Soil types found in the villages we
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Table 10. Ownership of agricultural
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in a group) at the rate of $60 per
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Table 13. Pattern of loan use (% of
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Labor and employmentTable 16 presen
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Table 17. Incidence of child labor
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Cumulative proportion of income1.04
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Table 21. Cost and return analysis
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Table 22. Estimated rice yield and
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were often burned for disease contr
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landless population reaching 50-60%
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Integration of biophysical andsocio
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opinion regarding what socioeconomi
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1995-96 Rice production (t)TvRd6Rd1
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Farm-gate price of agricultural goo
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ming the distance of all line segme
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Description of the study areaWe com
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Table 1 continued.Variable Unit1994
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CambodiaFig. 4. Main transport rout
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Table 2. Accessibility indicators f
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ice and the model is applied to exp
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Table 3. Summary of estimates of la
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estimation of a system of multinomi
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The availability of low-saline irri
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Table 5. Simulation of effects of i
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NotesAuthors’ address: Social Sci
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that they synthesize fragmented agr
Page 464 and 465:
Framework for exploratory and predi
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and quantify the spatial distributi
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Seventeen different agricultural pr
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self-sufficiency in rice production
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al warming since maintaining or cre
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eturns to purchased inputs due to u
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Francisco SR, Navarrete Jr. RL, Dim
Page 478:
Wade L. 1998. Nutrient research on
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