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isky when the crop is planted late. Farmers are usually bound by tradition, and theyplant their rice crops as the rainy season begins in a normal year.Effects of El Niño on rice harvest areaBecause the water supply totally depends on rainfall, the climate has a very strongeffect on the rice harvest in rainfed lowland areas. Rainfed rice in West Java is usuallyplanted at the beginning of the rainy season from September to November and isharvested from January to April. The harvested rice area of West Java (Fig. 3) from1989 to 1996 indicates that rainfed areas in Lebak and Pandeglang districts sufferedmost during El Niño of 1991 and 1994. The harvested rice area of the first crop decreasedmarkedly from the normal year of 1990 to El Niño of 1991. In El Niño of1994, although the decrease in harvested area was not as high as in 1991, the droughtalso affected the harvested area in 1995. Although the harvested area of the first cropdecreased again in 1995, the total harvested area in 1995 increased significantly.Harvested area (× 1,000 ha)160Lebak and Pandeglang14012010080TotalFirst crop60Harvested area (× 1,000 ha)3003,0002,0001,00001,600West Java250200Grobogan, Blora, Pati,and Rembang1,4001,2001,000Central Java15080010060089 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96Year (19..)Fig. 3. Effect of climate on harvested rice areas in West and CentralJava.150 Amien and Las
In Central Java, the effects of El Niño of 1994 were more marked than those ofEl Niño of 1991. In Grobogan, Blora, Pati, and Rembang areas of Central Java (Fig.3), although the harvested area from 1990 to 1991 for the first crop showed a slightincrease, the total harvest that year decreased by almost 5,000 ha. But the decrease inharvested area in 1994 was almost 4 times higher for the first crop compared with thetotal harvest that year. In the rainfed lowland rice areas of Central Java, further decreasesin harvested area occurred after El Niño, as indicated by the reduction in areain 1992 and 1995 for the first crop harvest. The poor harvest of El Niño affected theharvest of the coming year probably because of the delayed planting time and unavailabilityof seed for planting.In the eight districts of the north and in all areas of East Java, harvested areadecreased significantly during El Niño of 1991 and 1994 (Fig. 4). However, the decreasewas more pronounced in the eight districts of the north, which have a higherproportion of rainfed lowland area. The reduction in harvested area of the first cropfrom 1990 to 1991 in the eight districts accounted for 72.5% of the total reduction in30 districts of East Java. Although it was not as high as in 1991, there was a significantreduction in harvested area in El Niño of 1994, with a further decrease in 1995.Harvested area (× 1,000 ha)500TotalFirst crop400300200Eight districts ofnorthern East Java1,6001,4001,2001,000800600East JavaHarvested area (× 1,000 ha)300900Sinjai and WajoSouth Central Sulawesi Java800700200600500100400300020089 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96Year (19..)Fig. 4. Effect of climate on harvested rice area in East Java andSouth Sulawesi.Biophysical characterization of rainfed systems . . . 151
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The International Rice Research Ins
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Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
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ForewordRainfed rice areas are asso
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AcknowledgmentsIRRI is most gratefu
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2 Singh et al
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development, for example, provision
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subecosystems were recognized withi
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Table 3. Methods commonly used in e
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Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
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Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
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This included standard countrywide
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deepwater rice ecosystems. The rese
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Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
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Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
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Table 5 continued.Main Scale presen
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levels of involvement. For example,
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●●●ecosystem classifications
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Conclusionsclearly that they are di
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IRRI (International Rice Research I
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Widawsky DA, O’Toole JC. 1990. Pr
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Rice is the staple food crop for mo
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first working group to identify the
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TropicsSubtropicsTemperateSummer/wi
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ferred it for wide adoption by farm
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ing, remote sensing, and computing
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ice environments will be needed to
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Insects and diseasesInsects and dis
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The completeness of characterizatio
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Table 7. Levels and scales for agro
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Jamin JY, Andriesse W. 1993. Discus
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Tools and methodologiesfor biophysi
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Effect of climate, agrohydrology,an
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to water deficit because the crop
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for different periods of the year:
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depth scenarios (shallow, medium, a
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Water table depth (cm)500Shallow wa
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Simulated yield (kg ha -1 )6,0005,0
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Perception, understanding,and mappi
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and rice yield at regional or more
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SubareaSampling sites:GridTransectR
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was approximately 2,000 m with a to
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kg -1 in 50% of the topsoil and sub
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Table 3. Class medians were calcula
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Hard point dataClay, silt, sandHard
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A. Silt (%) B. 0.5 ccdfC. 0.2 ccdf
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In summary, the chosen geostatistic
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elated over slightly longer distanc
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Miura K. 1990. Genetic features of
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Rainfed lowland rice, growing with
Page 100 and 101: tively. In 1993, following dry till
Page 102 and 103: Rainfall (mm)Water table depth (cm)
Page 104 and 105: Saturated hydraulic conductivity (c
Page 106 and 107: in the uncompacted C0 plots (6.7 wk
Page 108 and 109: Clay classified≤ 2% 50 ha (2% but
Page 110 and 111: NotesAuthors’ addresses: D. Harnp
Page 112 and 113: target area of a breeding program.
Page 114 and 115: which is calculated from the estima
Page 116 and 117: hence grain yield. The three major
Page 118 and 119: ainfall data for each location. Mea
Page 120 and 121: such as 1980 and 1996, yield was hi
Page 122 and 123: Table 1 shows the results of the se
Page 124 and 125: Grain yield (t ha -1 )3UBN 19942103
Page 126 and 127: decreased with the use of old seedl
Page 128 and 129: The use of five genotypes with diff
Page 130 and 131: Mackill DJ, Coffman WR, Garrity DP.
Page 132 and 133: In rainfed agriculture, crop perfor
Page 134 and 135: GrainSite Year Code Group yield San
Page 136 and 137: Criteria considered for selecting r
Page 138 and 139: Table 1. Characteristics of the ref
Page 140 and 141: equired as the quality of the repro
Page 142 and 143: Cooper M, Rajatasereekul S, Immark
Page 144 and 145: 144 Amien and Las
Page 146 and 147: As Indonesia’s staple food, rice
Page 148 and 149: Soil and climate of rainfed lowland
Page 152 and 153: The decrease in harvested area only
Page 154 and 155: than in tidal swamp rice, for which
Page 156 and 157: Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
Page 158 and 159: and, indirectly, methane emission f
Page 160 and 161: Radar backscatter (dB)-7ERS windsca
Page 162 and 163: ERS SAR imageseries2. RSpreprocessi
Page 164 and 165: Fig. 6. Supervised classification o
Page 166 and 167: ConclusionsMonitoring of rice crops
Page 168 and 169: Characterizing soil phosphorusand p
Page 170 and 171: Table 1. Area and distribution of s
Page 172 and 173: Table 2. Lowland area (ha) classifi
Page 174 and 175: Fig. 1. Extractable soil P map (25%
Page 176 and 177: Characterizing soil phosphorus and
Page 178 and 179: Table 4. Recommendations for P appl
Page 180 and 181: Fig. 4. Extractable soil K map of t
Page 182 and 183: Fig. 5. Extractable soil K map of t
Page 184 and 185: ● acidic pH (< 6)● low organic
Page 186 and 187: trials, K recommendations for uplan
Page 188 and 189: O’Brien DT, Blair G, Lefroy R. 19
Page 190 and 191: Planning and managing rice farmingt
Page 192 and 193: lowlands is submergence-prone. Ther
Page 194 and 195: situations and the allocation of re
Page 196 and 197: estimation of drought were determin
Page 198 and 199: Table 2. Effect of date of sowing,
Page 200 and 201:
from October to February and a summ
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Table 3. Promising areas for ground
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1. There are possibilities of growi
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mmmm450350250150ASoil moisture useS
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Table 9. Yield a of preflood ahu (a
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )6Farmers’ l
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ReferencesIRRI (International Rice
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network (Sastry 1976). Temperature
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Temperature (°C) and solar radiati
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Table 1. Characterization of rainfa
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in eastern Uttar Pradesh under norm
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fluctuations/variations in rainfall
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the desirable rainfall period at 50
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The radiation values range from les
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not affect the growth and developme
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Agrohydrologic and drought riskanal
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Analytical procedureThe nature and
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late because of low rainfall at the
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Probability (%)10080604020Vegetativ
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15 August), which may happen twice
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texture), then once in two years (5
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Characterizing biotic stresses
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Characterizing biotic constraintsto
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included in these studies. Later st
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Average number of insects per sweep
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Table 2. Categorization of weed and
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Table 5. Properties of individual c
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ResultsRelations among pests and cr
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Start hereInterview farmers todocum
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Table 10. Information used to prior
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Interpreting the results of indepen
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level. Again, we augment our databa
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NotesAuthors’ address: Cambodia-I
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in soil nutritional status, especia
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flora. The range in elevation acros
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Table 1. Soil characteristics of th
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Table 3. Weed species recorded and
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Proportional abundance (log scale)%
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1.0Echi_colCype_iriMoll_penLind_spp
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+3.0Echi_cruMars_creEcli_albLept_ch
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indicates the need to deploy broad-
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ReferencesBangun P, Pane H, Jatmiko
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Socioeconomic characterization
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The role of characterizationin ex a
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ApproachThe following steps were ta
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PriceDS 0S 1P 0P 1dS 0S 1acbD0 Q 0Q
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Table 1. Ex ante assessment of rese
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Table 2 continued.Ranked byResearch
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Table 3. Research resource allocati
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NotesAuthors’ address: National C
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In addition to the unavailability o
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Socioeconomic constraintsFarm sizeF
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found that a higher rural labor sup
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Table 3. Rice area under HYVs from
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Rice varieties in farmers’ fields
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Table 9. Constraints for low adopti
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vehicle for realizing the untapped
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Parthasarathy G, Prasad DS. 1978. R
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Appendix. Agroclimatic zones of Bih
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such that losses are reduced during
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P = 0.5 R [a 2 C r2+ 2 a (1 - a) g
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and Itgaon, however, the plot-level
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espectively, to farmers’ income.
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Factors determining the adoption of
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mining whether or not modern variet
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irrigation schemes in the study are
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Using gender analysis in characteri
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lytical tool used to identify or di
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However, household members have cer
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Table 1. Village characteristics of
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taking care of dairy cattle. On the
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The biophysical environmentThe perf
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Table 3. Seasonal calendar and gend
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Table 4. Crops grown during the kha
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Table 7. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 8. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 10. Cost and returns of rice
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Gender roles in animal husbandryWhe
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farm activities, 25% in nonfarm act
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for rice but also for cash crops su
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Table 15. Access to agricultural in
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Hossain M. 1995. Recent development
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Agricultural commercializationand l
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Conceptual frameworkPopulation pres
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tional average of 18% 1 , and most
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The Dzao live in medium-altitude ar
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Table 1. Selected districts and com
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Table 2. General characteristics of
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markets for their food needs. With
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ther “extensification” in the u
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the productivity of lowland rice ca
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Boserup E. 1981. Population and tec
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Economics of intensive rainfed lowl
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Area (ha)50,00040,000Irrigated30,00
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The economic characterization and i
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Table 1. Rice varieties planted (19
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Table 4. Yield and input use of maj
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TFP, output and input indices200160
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Lynam JK, Herdt RW. 1989. Sense and
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406 Garcia et al
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Increased rice production had alway
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Table 1. Total rice area, average y
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use of water by avoiding seedbed pr
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water often brought with it a varie
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Table 4. Distribution of farm house
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Soil types found in the villages we
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Table 10. Ownership of agricultural
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in a group) at the rate of $60 per
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Table 13. Pattern of loan use (% of
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Labor and employmentTable 16 presen
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Table 17. Incidence of child labor
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Cumulative proportion of income1.04
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Table 21. Cost and return analysis
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Table 22. Estimated rice yield and
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were often burned for disease contr
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landless population reaching 50-60%
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Integration of biophysical andsocio
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opinion regarding what socioeconomi
Page 436 and 437:
1995-96 Rice production (t)TvRd6Rd1
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Farm-gate price of agricultural goo
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ming the distance of all line segme
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Description of the study areaWe com
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Table 1 continued.Variable Unit1994
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CambodiaFig. 4. Main transport rout
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Table 2. Accessibility indicators f
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ice and the model is applied to exp
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Table 3. Summary of estimates of la
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estimation of a system of multinomi
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The availability of low-saline irri
Page 458 and 459:
Table 5. Simulation of effects of i
Page 460 and 461:
NotesAuthors’ address: Social Sci
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that they synthesize fragmented agr
Page 464 and 465:
Framework for exploratory and predi
Page 466 and 467:
and quantify the spatial distributi
Page 468 and 469:
Seventeen different agricultural pr
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self-sufficiency in rice production
Page 472 and 473:
al warming since maintaining or cre
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eturns to purchased inputs due to u
Page 476 and 477:
Francisco SR, Navarrete Jr. RL, Dim
Page 478:
Wade L. 1998. Nutrient research on
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