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Table 2. Categorization of weed and arthropod data into classes.Variable Class boundaries Individuals (no.)Weeds (WB) Very low (score 0–0.2) 25Medium (>0.2–0.4) 19High (>0.4–2.0) 29Gall midge (GM) Low (0–0.2%) 25Medium (>0.2–1.0%) 23High (>1–59.3%) 25Deadhearts (DH) None (0%) 42Low (>0–0.5%) 14Medium (>0.5–4.1%) 17Whiteheads (WH) Low (0–0.3%) 24Medium (>0.3–1.0%) 26High (>1–4.9%) 23Whorl maggot (WM) Low (0–1.1%) 25Medium (>1.1–2.9%) 24High (>2.9–14%) 24Leaffolder (LF) Low (0–0.2%) 25Medium (>0.2–0.7%) 23High (>0.7–4.2%) 25Hispa (HP) Low (0–0.9%) 25Medium (>0.9–4.8%) 24High (>4.8–12.8%) 24Cutworm (CW) Low (0.8–8.1%) 25Medium (>8.1–15.4%) 24High (>15.4–51.1%) 24Leaf-feeding insects Low (0–0.1%) 25(LFI) Medium (>0.1–2.5%) 23High (>2.5–32%) 25Planthoppers (PH) Low (0–0.1 PH hill –1 ) 33Medium (>0.1–0.4) 21High (>0.4–14.8) 19Rice bug None (0 RB hill –1 ) 56Low (>0–0.1) 9Medium (>0.1–0.6) 8Other sucking insects Low (0–0.1 SI hill –1 ) 25(SI) Medium (>0.1–0.9) 24High (>0.9–16.3) 24Leafhoppers (LH) Low (3.1–14.4 LH sweep net –1 ) 14Medium (>14.4–31.1) 13High (>31.1–104.5) 13Pest (PS) Low (3.1–8.8 PS sweep net –1 ) 14Medium (>8.8–16.8) 13High (>16.8–65.7) 13Natural enemies (NE) Low (6.2–15 NE sweep net –1 ) 14Medium (>15–19.8) 13High (>19.8–51.3) 13<strong>Characterizing</strong> biotic constraints to production . . . 253
Table 3. Categorization of disease data into classes.Variable Class boundaries Individuals (no.)Brown spot (BS) Low (0–12.3%) 25Medium (>12.3–32.1%) 24High (32.1–93.7%) 24Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) None (0%) 44Low (>0–5.5%) 15High (>5.5–30%) 14Narrow brown spot (NBS) None (0%) 27Low (>0–4.2%) 23High (>4.2–35.9%) 23Sheath blight (SHB) None (0%) 61Low (>0–0.6%) 6Medium (>0.6–2.7%) 6Sheath rot (SHR) None (0%) 51Low (>0–0.5%) 11Medium (>0.5–4.1%) 11Table 4. Relationship of management practices to pests in rainfed lowland rice. aPentatomidsNarrowManagement (stink bugs Whorl Brown brownpractice Weeds Cutworm Hispa and maggot spot spotblack bugs)Cultivar durationLate – ? + – N N NMedium N N N N N N NEarly + N – + N – NWater levelNo water + + + + N ? ?1–5 cm N N – – N ? ?>5 cm – – N N N ? ?Chemical fertilizer0–30 kg ha –1 ? – N N N ? N31–150 kg ha –1 ? N N N N + N>150 kg ha –1 ? + ? N + – –a+ = increases pest population, – = decreases pest population, N = no effect, ? = unknown, i.e., more datarequired.254 Jahn et al
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The International Rice Research Ins
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Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
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ForewordRainfed rice areas are asso
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AcknowledgmentsIRRI is most gratefu
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2 Singh et al
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development, for example, provision
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subecosystems were recognized withi
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Table 3. Methods commonly used in e
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Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
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Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
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This included standard countrywide
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deepwater rice ecosystems. The rese
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Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
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Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
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Table 5 continued.Main Scale presen
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levels of involvement. For example,
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●●●ecosystem classifications
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Conclusionsclearly that they are di
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IRRI (International Rice Research I
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Widawsky DA, O’Toole JC. 1990. Pr
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Rice is the staple food crop for mo
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first working group to identify the
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TropicsSubtropicsTemperateSummer/wi
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ferred it for wide adoption by farm
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ing, remote sensing, and computing
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ice environments will be needed to
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Insects and diseasesInsects and dis
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The completeness of characterizatio
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Table 7. Levels and scales for agro
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Jamin JY, Andriesse W. 1993. Discus
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Tools and methodologiesfor biophysi
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Effect of climate, agrohydrology,an
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to water deficit because the crop
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for different periods of the year:
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depth scenarios (shallow, medium, a
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Water table depth (cm)500Shallow wa
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Simulated yield (kg ha -1 )6,0005,0
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Perception, understanding,and mappi
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and rice yield at regional or more
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SubareaSampling sites:GridTransectR
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was approximately 2,000 m with a to
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kg -1 in 50% of the topsoil and sub
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Table 3. Class medians were calcula
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Hard point dataClay, silt, sandHard
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A. Silt (%) B. 0.5 ccdfC. 0.2 ccdf
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In summary, the chosen geostatistic
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elated over slightly longer distanc
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Miura K. 1990. Genetic features of
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Rainfed lowland rice, growing with
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tively. In 1993, following dry till
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Rainfall (mm)Water table depth (cm)
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Saturated hydraulic conductivity (c
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in the uncompacted C0 plots (6.7 wk
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Clay classified≤ 2% 50 ha (2% but
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: D. Harnp
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target area of a breeding program.
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which is calculated from the estima
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hence grain yield. The three major
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ainfall data for each location. Mea
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such as 1980 and 1996, yield was hi
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Table 1 shows the results of the se
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )3UBN 19942103
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decreased with the use of old seedl
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The use of five genotypes with diff
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Mackill DJ, Coffman WR, Garrity DP.
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In rainfed agriculture, crop perfor
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GrainSite Year Code Group yield San
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Criteria considered for selecting r
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Table 1. Characteristics of the ref
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equired as the quality of the repro
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Cooper M, Rajatasereekul S, Immark
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144 Amien and Las
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As Indonesia’s staple food, rice
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Soil and climate of rainfed lowland
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isky when the crop is planted late.
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The decrease in harvested area only
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than in tidal swamp rice, for which
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Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
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and, indirectly, methane emission f
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Radar backscatter (dB)-7ERS windsca
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ERS SAR imageseries2. RSpreprocessi
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Fig. 6. Supervised classification o
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ConclusionsMonitoring of rice crops
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Characterizing soil phosphorusand p
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Table 1. Area and distribution of s
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Table 2. Lowland area (ha) classifi
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Fig. 1. Extractable soil P map (25%
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Characterizing soil phosphorus and
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Table 4. Recommendations for P appl
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Fig. 4. Extractable soil K map of t
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Fig. 5. Extractable soil K map of t
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● acidic pH (< 6)● low organic
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trials, K recommendations for uplan
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O’Brien DT, Blair G, Lefroy R. 19
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Planning and managing rice farmingt
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lowlands is submergence-prone. Ther
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situations and the allocation of re
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estimation of drought were determin
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Table 2. Effect of date of sowing,
Page 200 and 201: from October to February and a summ
Page 202 and 203: Table 3. Promising areas for ground
Page 204 and 205: 1. There are possibilities of growi
Page 206 and 207: mmmm450350250150ASoil moisture useS
Page 208 and 209: Table 9. Yield a of preflood ahu (a
Page 210 and 211: Grain yield (t ha -1 )6Farmers’ l
Page 212 and 213: ReferencesIRRI (International Rice
Page 214 and 215: network (Sastry 1976). Temperature
Page 216 and 217: Temperature (°C) and solar radiati
Page 218 and 219: Table 1. Characterization of rainfa
Page 220 and 221: in eastern Uttar Pradesh under norm
Page 222 and 223: fluctuations/variations in rainfall
Page 224 and 225: the desirable rainfall period at 50
Page 226 and 227: The radiation values range from les
Page 228 and 229: not affect the growth and developme
Page 230 and 231: Agrohydrologic and drought riskanal
Page 232 and 233: Analytical procedureThe nature and
Page 234 and 235: late because of low rainfall at the
Page 236 and 237: Probability (%)10080604020Vegetativ
Page 238 and 239: 15 August), which may happen twice
Page 240 and 241: texture), then once in two years (5
Page 242 and 243: Characterizing biotic stresses
Page 244 and 245: Characterizing biotic constraintsto
Page 246 and 247: included in these studies. Later st
Page 248 and 249: Average number of insects per sweep
Page 252 and 253: Table 5. Properties of individual c
Page 254 and 255: ResultsRelations among pests and cr
Page 256 and 257: Start hereInterview farmers todocum
Page 258 and 259: Table 10. Information used to prior
Page 260 and 261: Interpreting the results of indepen
Page 262 and 263: level. Again, we augment our databa
Page 264 and 265: NotesAuthors’ address: Cambodia-I
Page 266 and 267: in soil nutritional status, especia
Page 268 and 269: flora. The range in elevation acros
Page 270 and 271: Table 1. Soil characteristics of th
Page 272 and 273: Table 3. Weed species recorded and
Page 274 and 275: Proportional abundance (log scale)%
Page 276 and 277: 1.0Echi_colCype_iriMoll_penLind_spp
Page 278 and 279: +3.0Echi_cruMars_creEcli_albLept_ch
Page 280 and 281: indicates the need to deploy broad-
Page 282 and 283: ReferencesBangun P, Pane H, Jatmiko
Page 284 and 285: Socioeconomic characterization
Page 286 and 287: The role of characterizationin ex a
Page 288 and 289: ApproachThe following steps were ta
Page 290 and 291: PriceDS 0S 1P 0P 1dS 0S 1acbD0 Q 0Q
Page 292 and 293: Table 1. Ex ante assessment of rese
Page 294 and 295: Table 2 continued.Ranked byResearch
Page 296 and 297: Table 3. Research resource allocati
Page 298 and 299: NotesAuthors’ address: National C
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In addition to the unavailability o
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Socioeconomic constraintsFarm sizeF
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found that a higher rural labor sup
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Table 3. Rice area under HYVs from
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Rice varieties in farmers’ fields
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Table 9. Constraints for low adopti
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vehicle for realizing the untapped
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Parthasarathy G, Prasad DS. 1978. R
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Appendix. Agroclimatic zones of Bih
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such that losses are reduced during
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P = 0.5 R [a 2 C r2+ 2 a (1 - a) g
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and Itgaon, however, the plot-level
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espectively, to farmers’ income.
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Factors determining the adoption of
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mining whether or not modern variet
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irrigation schemes in the study are
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Using gender analysis in characteri
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lytical tool used to identify or di
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However, household members have cer
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Table 1. Village characteristics of
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taking care of dairy cattle. On the
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The biophysical environmentThe perf
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Table 3. Seasonal calendar and gend
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Table 4. Crops grown during the kha
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Table 7. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 8. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 10. Cost and returns of rice
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Gender roles in animal husbandryWhe
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farm activities, 25% in nonfarm act
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for rice but also for cash crops su
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Table 15. Access to agricultural in
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Hossain M. 1995. Recent development
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Agricultural commercializationand l
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Conceptual frameworkPopulation pres
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tional average of 18% 1 , and most
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The Dzao live in medium-altitude ar
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Table 1. Selected districts and com
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Table 2. General characteristics of
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markets for their food needs. With
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ther “extensification” in the u
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the productivity of lowland rice ca
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Boserup E. 1981. Population and tec
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Economics of intensive rainfed lowl
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Area (ha)50,00040,000Irrigated30,00
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The economic characterization and i
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Table 1. Rice varieties planted (19
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Table 4. Yield and input use of maj
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TFP, output and input indices200160
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Lynam JK, Herdt RW. 1989. Sense and
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406 Garcia et al
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Increased rice production had alway
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Table 1. Total rice area, average y
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use of water by avoiding seedbed pr
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water often brought with it a varie
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Table 4. Distribution of farm house
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Soil types found in the villages we
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Table 10. Ownership of agricultural
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in a group) at the rate of $60 per
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Table 13. Pattern of loan use (% of
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Labor and employmentTable 16 presen
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Table 17. Incidence of child labor
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Cumulative proportion of income1.04
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Table 21. Cost and return analysis
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Table 22. Estimated rice yield and
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were often burned for disease contr
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landless population reaching 50-60%
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Integration of biophysical andsocio
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opinion regarding what socioeconomi
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1995-96 Rice production (t)TvRd6Rd1
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Farm-gate price of agricultural goo
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ming the distance of all line segme
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Description of the study areaWe com
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Table 1 continued.Variable Unit1994
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CambodiaFig. 4. Main transport rout
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Table 2. Accessibility indicators f
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ice and the model is applied to exp
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Table 3. Summary of estimates of la
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estimation of a system of multinomi
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The availability of low-saline irri
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Table 5. Simulation of effects of i
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NotesAuthors’ address: Social Sci
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that they synthesize fragmented agr
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Framework for exploratory and predi
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and quantify the spatial distributi
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Seventeen different agricultural pr
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self-sufficiency in rice production
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al warming since maintaining or cre
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eturns to purchased inputs due to u
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Francisco SR, Navarrete Jr. RL, Dim
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Wade L. 1998. Nutrient research on
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