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ConclusionsMonitoring of rice crops in the Asia-Pacific region in terms of changes in productionand quality can be supported with a combination of radar remote sensing and GIS.Radar remote sensing provides an all-weather monitoring tool and, using time seriesof radar data, useful information about rice, such as area, growing stage, and cyclingof crops, can be assessed over extensive areas and rice can be identified even at largegeometric scales.Despite the advantages of radar remote-sensing satellites, in the case of verysmall fields or mountain slopes, classification of rice will be less accurate. Integrationof different spatial data sources using a GIS in combination with crop growth modelswill improve the identification of rice and assessment of area, biomass, and yield.Low-resolution optical imagery (NOAA AVHRR, SPOT VÉGÉTATION) and radar(ScanSAR sensors) can improve the identification and classification of rice areas at alarger scale.ReferencesAschbacher J. 1995. Rice mapping and crop growth monitoring, an ERS/SAR demonstrationproject. Earth Observ. Q. 49:1-3.Denier van der Gon HAC. 1996. Methane emission from wetland rice fields. PhD thesis.Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, Netherlands. 182 p.Denier van der Gon HAC, Janssen L, van Leeuwen HJC, Verhoeven R, van der Wal JT, van derWoerd H. 1999. Upscaling methane emissions from wetland rice fields (UPRICE). Positionpaper on the feasibility of employing radar data for the Philippines. Interim reportBCRS Project 4.2/AP-09.Huke RE, Huke EH. 1997. Rice area by type of culture: South, Southeast, and East Asia, arevised and updated data base. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice ResearchInstitute. 59 p.IRRI (International Rice Research Institute). 1995. Field variabilities of soil and plant: theirimpact on rice productivity and their use in modelling of soil kinetics and rice yield.Terminal report 1992-1995. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) & UniversitätLeipzig, Los Baños, Philippines.Kurosu T, Fujita M, Chiba K. 1995. Monitoring of rice crop growth from space with ERS-1 C-band SAR. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens. 33(4):1092-1096.Le Toan T, Ribbes F, Floury N, Wang LF, Ding KH, Kong JA, Fujita M, Kurosu T. 1997. Ricecrop mapping and monitoring using ERS-1 data based on experiment and modellingresults. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens. 35(1).van Leeuwen HJC. 1998. Feasibility study in using scatterometer data for wetland rice mappingyielding methane emission indicators for global applications. Proceedings of a JointESA-EUMETSAT Workshop on Emerging Scatterometer Applications from Researchto Operations, 5-7 Oct. 1998, at ESTEC, Noordwijk. ESA-SP-424.Verhoeven R, van Leeuwen H. 1999. Satellite assessment of rice in Indonesia (SARI). Interimreport, April 1999.Monitoring rainfed and irrigated rice in Southeast Asia . . . 167
NotesAuthors’ address: SYNOPTICS Remote Sensing & GIS Applications BV, Costerweg1-k, 6702 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands, Tel: +31 317 421221, Fax: +31 317 416146,E-mail: r.verhoeven@synoptics.nl, h.van.leeuwen@synoptics.nl,e.van.valkengoed@synoptics.nl, main@synoptics.nl.Acknowledgments: The participating organizations in the Asia-Pacific region, the EuropeanUnion, European Space Agency (ESA), and Netherlands Remote Sensing Board (BCRS)are kindly acknowledged for subsidizing the abovementioned studies. The SARI projectand its staff, Ir. Mubekti in particular, are gratefully thanked for their valuable contributionsto this publication and its presentation at the IRRI workshop in Bali.Citation: Tuong TP, Kam SP, Wade L, Pandey S, Bouman BAM, Hardy B, editors. 2000. Characterizingand understanding rainfed environments. Proceedings of the InternationalWorkshop on Characterizing and Understanding Rainfed Environments, 5-9 Dec. 1999,Bali, Indonesia. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute.488 p.168 Verhoeven et al
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The International Rice Research Ins
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Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
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ForewordRainfed rice areas are asso
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AcknowledgmentsIRRI is most gratefu
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2 Singh et al
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development, for example, provision
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subecosystems were recognized withi
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Table 3. Methods commonly used in e
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Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
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Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
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This included standard countrywide
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deepwater rice ecosystems. The rese
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Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
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Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
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Table 5 continued.Main Scale presen
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levels of involvement. For example,
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●●●ecosystem classifications
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Conclusionsclearly that they are di
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IRRI (International Rice Research I
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Widawsky DA, O’Toole JC. 1990. Pr
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Rice is the staple food crop for mo
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first working group to identify the
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TropicsSubtropicsTemperateSummer/wi
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ferred it for wide adoption by farm
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ing, remote sensing, and computing
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ice environments will be needed to
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Insects and diseasesInsects and dis
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The completeness of characterizatio
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Table 7. Levels and scales for agro
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Jamin JY, Andriesse W. 1993. Discus
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Tools and methodologiesfor biophysi
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Effect of climate, agrohydrology,an
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to water deficit because the crop
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for different periods of the year:
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depth scenarios (shallow, medium, a
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Water table depth (cm)500Shallow wa
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Simulated yield (kg ha -1 )6,0005,0
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Perception, understanding,and mappi
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and rice yield at regional or more
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SubareaSampling sites:GridTransectR
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was approximately 2,000 m with a to
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kg -1 in 50% of the topsoil and sub
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Table 3. Class medians were calcula
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Hard point dataClay, silt, sandHard
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A. Silt (%) B. 0.5 ccdfC. 0.2 ccdf
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In summary, the chosen geostatistic
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elated over slightly longer distanc
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Miura K. 1990. Genetic features of
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Rainfed lowland rice, growing with
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tively. In 1993, following dry till
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Rainfall (mm)Water table depth (cm)
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Saturated hydraulic conductivity (c
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in the uncompacted C0 plots (6.7 wk
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Clay classified≤ 2% 50 ha (2% but
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: D. Harnp
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target area of a breeding program.
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which is calculated from the estima
Page 116 and 117: hence grain yield. The three major
Page 118 and 119: ainfall data for each location. Mea
Page 120 and 121: such as 1980 and 1996, yield was hi
Page 122 and 123: Table 1 shows the results of the se
Page 124 and 125: Grain yield (t ha -1 )3UBN 19942103
Page 126 and 127: decreased with the use of old seedl
Page 128 and 129: The use of five genotypes with diff
Page 130 and 131: Mackill DJ, Coffman WR, Garrity DP.
Page 132 and 133: In rainfed agriculture, crop perfor
Page 134 and 135: GrainSite Year Code Group yield San
Page 136 and 137: Criteria considered for selecting r
Page 138 and 139: Table 1. Characteristics of the ref
Page 140 and 141: equired as the quality of the repro
Page 142 and 143: Cooper M, Rajatasereekul S, Immark
Page 144 and 145: 144 Amien and Las
Page 146 and 147: As Indonesia’s staple food, rice
Page 148 and 149: Soil and climate of rainfed lowland
Page 150 and 151: isky when the crop is planted late.
Page 152 and 153: The decrease in harvested area only
Page 154 and 155: than in tidal swamp rice, for which
Page 156 and 157: Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
Page 158 and 159: and, indirectly, methane emission f
Page 160 and 161: Radar backscatter (dB)-7ERS windsca
Page 162 and 163: ERS SAR imageseries2. RSpreprocessi
Page 164 and 165: Fig. 6. Supervised classification o
Page 168 and 169: Characterizing soil phosphorusand p
Page 170 and 171: Table 1. Area and distribution of s
Page 172 and 173: Table 2. Lowland area (ha) classifi
Page 174 and 175: Fig. 1. Extractable soil P map (25%
Page 176 and 177: Characterizing soil phosphorus and
Page 178 and 179: Table 4. Recommendations for P appl
Page 180 and 181: Fig. 4. Extractable soil K map of t
Page 182 and 183: Fig. 5. Extractable soil K map of t
Page 184 and 185: ● acidic pH (< 6)● low organic
Page 186 and 187: trials, K recommendations for uplan
Page 188 and 189: O’Brien DT, Blair G, Lefroy R. 19
Page 190 and 191: Planning and managing rice farmingt
Page 192 and 193: lowlands is submergence-prone. Ther
Page 194 and 195: situations and the allocation of re
Page 196 and 197: estimation of drought were determin
Page 198 and 199: Table 2. Effect of date of sowing,
Page 200 and 201: from October to February and a summ
Page 202 and 203: Table 3. Promising areas for ground
Page 204 and 205: 1. There are possibilities of growi
Page 206 and 207: mmmm450350250150ASoil moisture useS
Page 208 and 209: Table 9. Yield a of preflood ahu (a
Page 210 and 211: Grain yield (t ha -1 )6Farmers’ l
Page 212 and 213: ReferencesIRRI (International Rice
Page 214 and 215: network (Sastry 1976). Temperature
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Temperature (°C) and solar radiati
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Table 1. Characterization of rainfa
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in eastern Uttar Pradesh under norm
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fluctuations/variations in rainfall
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the desirable rainfall period at 50
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The radiation values range from les
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not affect the growth and developme
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Agrohydrologic and drought riskanal
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Analytical procedureThe nature and
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late because of low rainfall at the
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Probability (%)10080604020Vegetativ
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15 August), which may happen twice
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texture), then once in two years (5
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Characterizing biotic stresses
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Characterizing biotic constraintsto
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included in these studies. Later st
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Average number of insects per sweep
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Table 2. Categorization of weed and
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Table 5. Properties of individual c
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ResultsRelations among pests and cr
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Start hereInterview farmers todocum
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Table 10. Information used to prior
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Interpreting the results of indepen
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level. Again, we augment our databa
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NotesAuthors’ address: Cambodia-I
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in soil nutritional status, especia
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flora. The range in elevation acros
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Table 1. Soil characteristics of th
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Table 3. Weed species recorded and
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Proportional abundance (log scale)%
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1.0Echi_colCype_iriMoll_penLind_spp
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+3.0Echi_cruMars_creEcli_albLept_ch
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indicates the need to deploy broad-
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ReferencesBangun P, Pane H, Jatmiko
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Socioeconomic characterization
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The role of characterizationin ex a
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ApproachThe following steps were ta
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PriceDS 0S 1P 0P 1dS 0S 1acbD0 Q 0Q
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Table 1. Ex ante assessment of rese
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Table 2 continued.Ranked byResearch
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Table 3. Research resource allocati
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NotesAuthors’ address: National C
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In addition to the unavailability o
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Socioeconomic constraintsFarm sizeF
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found that a higher rural labor sup
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Table 3. Rice area under HYVs from
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Rice varieties in farmers’ fields
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Table 9. Constraints for low adopti
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vehicle for realizing the untapped
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Parthasarathy G, Prasad DS. 1978. R
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Appendix. Agroclimatic zones of Bih
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such that losses are reduced during
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P = 0.5 R [a 2 C r2+ 2 a (1 - a) g
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and Itgaon, however, the plot-level
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espectively, to farmers’ income.
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Factors determining the adoption of
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mining whether or not modern variet
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irrigation schemes in the study are
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Using gender analysis in characteri
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lytical tool used to identify or di
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However, household members have cer
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Table 1. Village characteristics of
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taking care of dairy cattle. On the
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The biophysical environmentThe perf
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Table 3. Seasonal calendar and gend
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Table 4. Crops grown during the kha
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Table 7. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 8. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 10. Cost and returns of rice
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Gender roles in animal husbandryWhe
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farm activities, 25% in nonfarm act
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for rice but also for cash crops su
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Table 15. Access to agricultural in
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Hossain M. 1995. Recent development
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Agricultural commercializationand l
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Conceptual frameworkPopulation pres
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tional average of 18% 1 , and most
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The Dzao live in medium-altitude ar
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Table 1. Selected districts and com
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Table 2. General characteristics of
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markets for their food needs. With
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ther “extensification” in the u
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the productivity of lowland rice ca
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Boserup E. 1981. Population and tec
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Economics of intensive rainfed lowl
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Area (ha)50,00040,000Irrigated30,00
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The economic characterization and i
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Table 1. Rice varieties planted (19
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Table 4. Yield and input use of maj
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TFP, output and input indices200160
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Lynam JK, Herdt RW. 1989. Sense and
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406 Garcia et al
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Increased rice production had alway
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Table 1. Total rice area, average y
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use of water by avoiding seedbed pr
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water often brought with it a varie
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Table 4. Distribution of farm house
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Soil types found in the villages we
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Table 10. Ownership of agricultural
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in a group) at the rate of $60 per
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Table 13. Pattern of loan use (% of
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Labor and employmentTable 16 presen
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Table 17. Incidence of child labor
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Cumulative proportion of income1.04
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Table 21. Cost and return analysis
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Table 22. Estimated rice yield and
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were often burned for disease contr
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landless population reaching 50-60%
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Integration of biophysical andsocio
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opinion regarding what socioeconomi
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1995-96 Rice production (t)TvRd6Rd1
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Farm-gate price of agricultural goo
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ming the distance of all line segme
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Description of the study areaWe com
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Table 1 continued.Variable Unit1994
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CambodiaFig. 4. Main transport rout
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Table 2. Accessibility indicators f
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ice and the model is applied to exp
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Table 3. Summary of estimates of la
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estimation of a system of multinomi
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The availability of low-saline irri
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Table 5. Simulation of effects of i
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NotesAuthors’ address: Social Sci
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that they synthesize fragmented agr
Page 464 and 465:
Framework for exploratory and predi
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and quantify the spatial distributi
Page 468 and 469:
Seventeen different agricultural pr
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self-sufficiency in rice production
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al warming since maintaining or cre
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eturns to purchased inputs due to u
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Francisco SR, Navarrete Jr. RL, Dim
Page 478:
Wade L. 1998. Nutrient research on
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