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O’Brien DT, Blair G, Lefroy R. 1990. The fertilizer subsidy and fertilizer use in Indonesia. In:Blair G, Lefroy R, editors. Sulfur fertilizer policy for lowland and upland rice croppingsystems in Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, 18-20 July 1989. Australian Centre for InternationalAgricultural Research (ACIAR) Proceedings No. 29. Canberra (Australia):ACIAR. p 42-50.Palmer B, Sudjadi M. 1984. Efficient use of fertilizer in upland cropping systems: an experimentalapproach. In: Bay-Petersen J, editor. Ecology and management of problem soilsin Asia. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, No.27, Bangkok, Thailand. p 293-302.Pandutama MH. 1996. Predicting change in residual extractable P for site-specific managementin paddy soils in Indonesia. PhD dissertation. University of Hawaii, Hawaii.Partohardjono S, Sri Adiningsih J. 1991. Response of food crops to phosphate rocks. Indones.Agric. Res. Dev. J. 13:46-57.Prasetyo BH, Sulaeman, Sri Mulyani N. 1997. Red-yellow soils from Kotabumi, Lampung:their characteristics, classification, and utilization. Indones. J. Crop Sci. 12:37-45.Ruddle K. 1987. The impact of wetland reclamation. In: Wolman MG, Fournier FGA, editors.Land transformation in agriculture. SCOPE Series No. 32. Paris (France): John Wileyand Sons. p 171-201.Santoso D. 1991. Agricultural land of Indonesia. Indones. Agric. Res. Dev. J. 13:33-36.Schmidt DR, Casler MD, Saefuddin A. 1990. Crop response to lime and phosphorus on newbench terraces in the tropics. Agron. J. 82:333-337.Soil Research Institute. 1979. Soil survey of the irrigation project area, Sitiung-S. Jujuhan(West Sumatra). Ministry of Agriculture, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development,Bogor, Indonesia.Sri Adiningsih J, Santoso D, Sudjadi M. 1990. The status of N, P, K and S of lowland rice soilsin Java. In: Blair G, Lefroy R, editors. Sulfur fertilizer policy for lowland and uplandrice cropping systems in Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, 18-20 July 1989. Australian Centrefor International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) Proceedings No. 29. Canberra (Australia):ACIAR. p 68-76.Sri Adiningsih J, Semali A, Effendi S, Hadiwigeno S. 1991. Resources and problems associatedwith the development of upland areas in Indonesia. In: Blair G, Lefroy R, editors.Technologies for sustainable agriculture on marginal uplands in Southeast Asia. Ternate,Cavite, Philippines, 10-14 Dec 1990. Australian Centre for International AgriculturalResearch Proceedings, No. 33, Canberra, Australia. p 45-54.Sri Rochayati, Muljadi D, Sri Adiningsih J. 1990. Penelitian efisiensi penggunaan pupuk dilahan sawah. In: Prosiding Lokarkya nasional efisiensi penggunaan pupuk. PusatPenelitian Tanah dan Agroklimat, Cisarua. p 107-143.Sudjadi M. 1984. Problem soils in Indonesia and their management. In: Bay-Petersen J, editor.Ecology and management of problem soils in Asia. Bangkok (Thailand): Food and FertilizerTechnology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, No. 27. p 58-73.Trangmar BB, Yost RS, Sudjadi M, Soekardi M, Uehara G. 1984. Regional variation of selectedtopsoil properties in Sitiung, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Hawaii Institute of TropicalAgriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii.Widjaja-Adhi IPG, Karama AS. 1994. Problems related with the sustainable development ofcoastal plains in Indonesia: research needs and related priorities. Indones. Agric. Res.Dev. J. 16:37-47.Characterizing soil phosphorus and potassium status . . . 189
Widjaja-Adhi IPG, Suriadikarta DA, Karama AS. 1996. Reclamation and management of saltaffectedacid sulphate soils for agricultural development. Indones. Agric. Res. Dev. J.18:37-43.Wihardjaka A, Kirk GJD, Abdulrachman S, Mamaril CP. 1998. Potassium balances in rainfedlowland rice on a light-textured soil. In: Ladha JK, Wade L, Dobermann A, Reichardt W,Kirk GJD, Piggin C, editors. Rainfed lowland rice: advances in nutrient managementresearch. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Nutrient Research in RainfedLowlands, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand, 12-15 Oct 1998. Manila (Philippines): InternationalRice Research Institute. p 127-137.NotesAuthors’ addresses: A. Clough, S. Fukai, School of Land and Food Sciences, The University ofQueensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia; I.P.G. Widjaja-Adhi, J. Sri Adiningsih, A. Kasno,Centre for Soil and Agroclimate Research, Jalan Ir. H. Juanda 98, Bogor 15123, Indonesia.Acknowledgments: The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support provided by theAustralian Research Council (ARC) and Pivot Ltd. for the Acid Soils Project conductedby CSAR and The University of Queensland.Citation: Tuong TP, Kam SP, Wade L, Pandey S, Bouman BAM, Hardy B, editors. 2000. Characterizingand understanding rainfed environments. Proceedings of the InternationalWorkshop on Characterizing and Understanding Rainfed Environments, 5-9 Dec. 1999,Bali, Indonesia. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute.488 p.190 Clough et al
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The International Rice Research Ins
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Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
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ForewordRainfed rice areas are asso
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AcknowledgmentsIRRI is most gratefu
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2 Singh et al
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development, for example, provision
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subecosystems were recognized withi
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Table 3. Methods commonly used in e
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Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
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Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
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This included standard countrywide
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deepwater rice ecosystems. The rese
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Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
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Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
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Table 5 continued.Main Scale presen
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levels of involvement. For example,
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●●●ecosystem classifications
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Conclusionsclearly that they are di
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IRRI (International Rice Research I
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Widawsky DA, O’Toole JC. 1990. Pr
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Rice is the staple food crop for mo
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first working group to identify the
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TropicsSubtropicsTemperateSummer/wi
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ferred it for wide adoption by farm
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ing, remote sensing, and computing
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ice environments will be needed to
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Insects and diseasesInsects and dis
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The completeness of characterizatio
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Table 7. Levels and scales for agro
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Jamin JY, Andriesse W. 1993. Discus
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Tools and methodologiesfor biophysi
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Effect of climate, agrohydrology,an
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to water deficit because the crop
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for different periods of the year:
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depth scenarios (shallow, medium, a
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Water table depth (cm)500Shallow wa
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Simulated yield (kg ha -1 )6,0005,0
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Perception, understanding,and mappi
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and rice yield at regional or more
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SubareaSampling sites:GridTransectR
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was approximately 2,000 m with a to
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kg -1 in 50% of the topsoil and sub
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Table 3. Class medians were calcula
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Hard point dataClay, silt, sandHard
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A. Silt (%) B. 0.5 ccdfC. 0.2 ccdf
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In summary, the chosen geostatistic
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elated over slightly longer distanc
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Miura K. 1990. Genetic features of
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Rainfed lowland rice, growing with
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tively. In 1993, following dry till
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Rainfall (mm)Water table depth (cm)
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Saturated hydraulic conductivity (c
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in the uncompacted C0 plots (6.7 wk
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Clay classified≤ 2% 50 ha (2% but
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: D. Harnp
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target area of a breeding program.
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which is calculated from the estima
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hence grain yield. The three major
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ainfall data for each location. Mea
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such as 1980 and 1996, yield was hi
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Table 1 shows the results of the se
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )3UBN 19942103
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decreased with the use of old seedl
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The use of five genotypes with diff
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Mackill DJ, Coffman WR, Garrity DP.
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In rainfed agriculture, crop perfor
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GrainSite Year Code Group yield San
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Criteria considered for selecting r
Page 138 and 139: Table 1. Characteristics of the ref
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Page 142 and 143: Cooper M, Rajatasereekul S, Immark
Page 144 and 145: 144 Amien and Las
Page 146 and 147: As Indonesia’s staple food, rice
Page 148 and 149: Soil and climate of rainfed lowland
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Page 152 and 153: The decrease in harvested area only
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Page 156 and 157: Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
Page 158 and 159: and, indirectly, methane emission f
Page 160 and 161: Radar backscatter (dB)-7ERS windsca
Page 162 and 163: ERS SAR imageseries2. RSpreprocessi
Page 164 and 165: Fig. 6. Supervised classification o
Page 166 and 167: ConclusionsMonitoring of rice crops
Page 168 and 169: Characterizing soil phosphorusand p
Page 170 and 171: Table 1. Area and distribution of s
Page 172 and 173: Table 2. Lowland area (ha) classifi
Page 174 and 175: Fig. 1. Extractable soil P map (25%
Page 176 and 177: Characterizing soil phosphorus and
Page 178 and 179: Table 4. Recommendations for P appl
Page 180 and 181: Fig. 4. Extractable soil K map of t
Page 182 and 183: Fig. 5. Extractable soil K map of t
Page 184 and 185: ● acidic pH (< 6)● low organic
Page 186 and 187: trials, K recommendations for uplan
Page 190 and 191: Planning and managing rice farmingt
Page 192 and 193: lowlands is submergence-prone. Ther
Page 194 and 195: situations and the allocation of re
Page 196 and 197: estimation of drought were determin
Page 198 and 199: Table 2. Effect of date of sowing,
Page 200 and 201: from October to February and a summ
Page 202 and 203: Table 3. Promising areas for ground
Page 204 and 205: 1. There are possibilities of growi
Page 206 and 207: mmmm450350250150ASoil moisture useS
Page 208 and 209: Table 9. Yield a of preflood ahu (a
Page 210 and 211: Grain yield (t ha -1 )6Farmers’ l
Page 212 and 213: ReferencesIRRI (International Rice
Page 214 and 215: network (Sastry 1976). Temperature
Page 216 and 217: Temperature (°C) and solar radiati
Page 218 and 219: Table 1. Characterization of rainfa
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Page 222 and 223: fluctuations/variations in rainfall
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Page 226 and 227: The radiation values range from les
Page 228 and 229: not affect the growth and developme
Page 230 and 231: Agrohydrologic and drought riskanal
Page 232 and 233: Analytical procedureThe nature and
Page 234 and 235: late because of low rainfall at the
Page 236 and 237: Probability (%)10080604020Vegetativ
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15 August), which may happen twice
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texture), then once in two years (5
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Characterizing biotic stresses
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Characterizing biotic constraintsto
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included in these studies. Later st
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Average number of insects per sweep
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Table 2. Categorization of weed and
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Table 5. Properties of individual c
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ResultsRelations among pests and cr
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Start hereInterview farmers todocum
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Table 10. Information used to prior
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Interpreting the results of indepen
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level. Again, we augment our databa
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NotesAuthors’ address: Cambodia-I
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in soil nutritional status, especia
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flora. The range in elevation acros
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Table 1. Soil characteristics of th
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Table 3. Weed species recorded and
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Proportional abundance (log scale)%
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1.0Echi_colCype_iriMoll_penLind_spp
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+3.0Echi_cruMars_creEcli_albLept_ch
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indicates the need to deploy broad-
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ReferencesBangun P, Pane H, Jatmiko
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Socioeconomic characterization
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The role of characterizationin ex a
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ApproachThe following steps were ta
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PriceDS 0S 1P 0P 1dS 0S 1acbD0 Q 0Q
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Table 1. Ex ante assessment of rese
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Table 2 continued.Ranked byResearch
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Table 3. Research resource allocati
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NotesAuthors’ address: National C
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In addition to the unavailability o
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Socioeconomic constraintsFarm sizeF
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found that a higher rural labor sup
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Table 3. Rice area under HYVs from
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Rice varieties in farmers’ fields
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Table 9. Constraints for low adopti
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vehicle for realizing the untapped
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Parthasarathy G, Prasad DS. 1978. R
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Appendix. Agroclimatic zones of Bih
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such that losses are reduced during
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P = 0.5 R [a 2 C r2+ 2 a (1 - a) g
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and Itgaon, however, the plot-level
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espectively, to farmers’ income.
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Factors determining the adoption of
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mining whether or not modern variet
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irrigation schemes in the study are
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Using gender analysis in characteri
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lytical tool used to identify or di
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However, household members have cer
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Table 1. Village characteristics of
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taking care of dairy cattle. On the
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The biophysical environmentThe perf
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Table 3. Seasonal calendar and gend
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Table 4. Crops grown during the kha
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Table 7. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 8. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 10. Cost and returns of rice
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Gender roles in animal husbandryWhe
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farm activities, 25% in nonfarm act
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for rice but also for cash crops su
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Table 15. Access to agricultural in
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Hossain M. 1995. Recent development
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Agricultural commercializationand l
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Conceptual frameworkPopulation pres
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tional average of 18% 1 , and most
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The Dzao live in medium-altitude ar
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Table 1. Selected districts and com
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Table 2. General characteristics of
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markets for their food needs. With
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ther “extensification” in the u
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the productivity of lowland rice ca
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Boserup E. 1981. Population and tec
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Economics of intensive rainfed lowl
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Area (ha)50,00040,000Irrigated30,00
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The economic characterization and i
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Table 1. Rice varieties planted (19
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Table 4. Yield and input use of maj
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TFP, output and input indices200160
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Lynam JK, Herdt RW. 1989. Sense and
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406 Garcia et al
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Increased rice production had alway
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Table 1. Total rice area, average y
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use of water by avoiding seedbed pr
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water often brought with it a varie
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Table 4. Distribution of farm house
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Soil types found in the villages we
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Table 10. Ownership of agricultural
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in a group) at the rate of $60 per
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Table 13. Pattern of loan use (% of
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Labor and employmentTable 16 presen
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Table 17. Incidence of child labor
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Cumulative proportion of income1.04
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Table 21. Cost and return analysis
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Table 22. Estimated rice yield and
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were often burned for disease contr
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landless population reaching 50-60%
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Integration of biophysical andsocio
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opinion regarding what socioeconomi
Page 436 and 437:
1995-96 Rice production (t)TvRd6Rd1
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Farm-gate price of agricultural goo
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ming the distance of all line segme
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Description of the study areaWe com
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Table 1 continued.Variable Unit1994
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CambodiaFig. 4. Main transport rout
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Table 2. Accessibility indicators f
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ice and the model is applied to exp
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Table 3. Summary of estimates of la
Page 454 and 455:
estimation of a system of multinomi
Page 456 and 457:
The availability of low-saline irri
Page 458 and 459:
Table 5. Simulation of effects of i
Page 460 and 461:
NotesAuthors’ address: Social Sci
Page 462 and 463:
that they synthesize fragmented agr
Page 464 and 465:
Framework for exploratory and predi
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and quantify the spatial distributi
Page 468 and 469:
Seventeen different agricultural pr
Page 470 and 471:
self-sufficiency in rice production
Page 472 and 473:
al warming since maintaining or cre
Page 474 and 475:
eturns to purchased inputs due to u
Page 476 and 477:
Francisco SR, Navarrete Jr. RL, Dim
Page 478:
Wade L. 1998. Nutrient research on
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