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than in tidal swamp rice, for which only 56 kg ha –1 was applied. The slower adoptionof modern rice technology coupled with less favorable environments in rainfed lowlandrice areas have resulted in a lower rice yield.Research priority and policy implicationsAlthough the trend is declining, rainfed lowland areas in Indonesia, with more than 2million ha, play an important role in producing staple food and providing employmentopportunities for the population. These rainfed lowland areas are commonlysituated at a higher elevation in the watershed, but are also scattered in small patcheswherever human settlements exist. To better understand the nature and characteristicsof rainfed lowland rice, a systematic program to delineate its area is required. Thedelineation of rice area in Java using remote-sensing technology needs to be furtherexpanded to cover other areas in the country.The lower yield of rice in rainfed lowlands occurs mainly because of the sloweradoption of modern rice technology. Less favorable soil conditions can be overcometo some extent by applying the appropriate type and rate of fertilizers. Research onfertilization for rainfed lowland rice and subsequent crops in an appropriate croppingpattern for the region needs to be pursued. In the more humid areas, such as WestJava, in a normal year, rainfall is adequate for two rice crops, which can be followedby a less water-demanding secondary crop. In the subhumid areas of Central and EastJava, rainfall is adequate at least for one rice crop.The susceptibility of rainfed lowland rice to drought caused by interannual climatevariability has affected it more than other rice cultivation systems. With a betterprediction of climate, better planning for time of planting and selection of rice cultivarscan be achieved to avoid crop failure. Research to improve the accuracy of seasonalclimate forecasting is currently being done by national and international agriculturalresearch institutions. This cooperation needs to be further promoted for abetter understanding of the dynamics of tropical climate.ReferencesBPS (Central Bureau of Statistics). 1988. Luas dan Penggunaan Lahan di Indonesia. Jakarta(Indonesia): BPS.BPS (Central Bureau of Statistics). 1990. Agricultural survey: production of paddy in Indonesia.Jakarta (Indonesia): BPS.BPS (Central Bureau of Statistics). 1991. Agricultural survey: production of paddy in Indonesia.Jakarta (Indonesia): BPS.BPS (Central Bureau of Statistics). 1992. Agricultural survey: production of paddy in Indonesia.Jakarta (Indonesia): BPS.BPS (Central Bureau of Statistics). 1993. Agricultural survey: production of paddy in Indonesia.Jakarta (Indonesia): BPS.BPS (Central Bureau of Statistics). 1994. Agricultural survey: production of paddy in Indonesia.Jakarta (Indonesia): BPS.154 Amien and Las
BPS (Central Bureau of Statistics). 1995. Agricultural survey: production of paddy in Indonesia.Jakarta (Indonesia): BPS.BPS (Central Bureau of Statistics). 1996. Agricultural survey: production of paddy in Indonesia.Jakarta (Indonesia): BPS.Dames TWG. 1955. The soils of East Central Java. Contributions of the General AgriculturalResearch Station, Bogor, Indonesia.LPT (Lembaga Penelitian Tanah). 1967. Reconnaisance soil map of Java. Bogor (Indonesia):LPT.LPT (Lembaga Penelitian Tanah). 1975. Reconnaisance soil map of South Sulawesi. Bogor(Indonesia): LPT.Kasryno F, Sudaryanto T. 1994. Modern rice variety adoption and factor-market adjustments inIndonesia. In: David CC, Otsuka K, editors. Modern rice technology and income distributionin Asia. Boulder, Colo. (USA): Lynne Reinner Publishers, Inc., and Manila (Philippines):International Rice Research Institute. p 107-127.NotesAuthors’ address: Center for Soil and Agroclimate Research, Bogor, Indonesia.Citation: Tuong TP, Kam SP, Wade L, Pandey S, Bouman BAM, Hardy B, editors. 2000. <strong>Characterizing</strong>and understanding rainfed environments. Proceedings of the InternationalWorkshop on <strong>Characterizing</strong> and Understanding Rainfed Environments, 5-9 Dec. 1999,Bali, Indonesia. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute.488 p.Biophysical characterization of rainfed systems . . . 155
Page 2 and 3:
The International Rice Research Ins
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Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
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ForewordRainfed rice areas are asso
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AcknowledgmentsIRRI is most gratefu
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2 Singh et al
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development, for example, provision
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subecosystems were recognized withi
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Table 3. Methods commonly used in e
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Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
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Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
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This included standard countrywide
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deepwater rice ecosystems. The rese
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Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
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Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
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Table 5 continued.Main Scale presen
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levels of involvement. For example,
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●●●ecosystem classifications
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Conclusionsclearly that they are di
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IRRI (International Rice Research I
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Widawsky DA, O’Toole JC. 1990. Pr
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Rice is the staple food crop for mo
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first working group to identify the
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TropicsSubtropicsTemperateSummer/wi
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ferred it for wide adoption by farm
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ing, remote sensing, and computing
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ice environments will be needed to
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Insects and diseasesInsects and dis
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The completeness of characterizatio
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Table 7. Levels and scales for agro
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Jamin JY, Andriesse W. 1993. Discus
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Tools and methodologiesfor biophysi
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Effect of climate, agrohydrology,an
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to water deficit because the crop
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for different periods of the year:
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depth scenarios (shallow, medium, a
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Water table depth (cm)500Shallow wa
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Simulated yield (kg ha -1 )6,0005,0
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Perception, understanding,and mappi
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and rice yield at regional or more
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SubareaSampling sites:GridTransectR
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was approximately 2,000 m with a to
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kg -1 in 50% of the topsoil and sub
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Table 3. Class medians were calcula
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Hard point dataClay, silt, sandHard
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A. Silt (%) B. 0.5 ccdfC. 0.2 ccdf
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In summary, the chosen geostatistic
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elated over slightly longer distanc
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Miura K. 1990. Genetic features of
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Rainfed lowland rice, growing with
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tively. In 1993, following dry till
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Rainfall (mm)Water table depth (cm)
Page 104 and 105: Saturated hydraulic conductivity (c
Page 106 and 107: in the uncompacted C0 plots (6.7 wk
Page 108 and 109: Clay classified≤ 2% 50 ha (2% but
Page 110 and 111: NotesAuthors’ addresses: D. Harnp
Page 112 and 113: target area of a breeding program.
Page 114 and 115: which is calculated from the estima
Page 116 and 117: hence grain yield. The three major
Page 118 and 119: ainfall data for each location. Mea
Page 120 and 121: such as 1980 and 1996, yield was hi
Page 122 and 123: Table 1 shows the results of the se
Page 124 and 125: Grain yield (t ha -1 )3UBN 19942103
Page 126 and 127: decreased with the use of old seedl
Page 128 and 129: The use of five genotypes with diff
Page 130 and 131: Mackill DJ, Coffman WR, Garrity DP.
Page 132 and 133: In rainfed agriculture, crop perfor
Page 134 and 135: GrainSite Year Code Group yield San
Page 136 and 137: Criteria considered for selecting r
Page 138 and 139: Table 1. Characteristics of the ref
Page 140 and 141: equired as the quality of the repro
Page 142 and 143: Cooper M, Rajatasereekul S, Immark
Page 144 and 145: 144 Amien and Las
Page 146 and 147: As Indonesia’s staple food, rice
Page 148 and 149: Soil and climate of rainfed lowland
Page 150 and 151: isky when the crop is planted late.
Page 152 and 153: The decrease in harvested area only
Page 156 and 157: Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
Page 158 and 159: and, indirectly, methane emission f
Page 160 and 161: Radar backscatter (dB)-7ERS windsca
Page 162 and 163: ERS SAR imageseries2. RSpreprocessi
Page 164 and 165: Fig. 6. Supervised classification o
Page 166 and 167: ConclusionsMonitoring of rice crops
Page 168 and 169: Characterizing soil phosphorusand p
Page 170 and 171: Table 1. Area and distribution of s
Page 172 and 173: Table 2. Lowland area (ha) classifi
Page 174 and 175: Fig. 1. Extractable soil P map (25%
Page 176 and 177: Characterizing soil phosphorus and
Page 178 and 179: Table 4. Recommendations for P appl
Page 180 and 181: Fig. 4. Extractable soil K map of t
Page 182 and 183: Fig. 5. Extractable soil K map of t
Page 184 and 185: ● acidic pH (< 6)● low organic
Page 186 and 187: trials, K recommendations for uplan
Page 188 and 189: O’Brien DT, Blair G, Lefroy R. 19
Page 190 and 191: Planning and managing rice farmingt
Page 192 and 193: lowlands is submergence-prone. Ther
Page 194 and 195: situations and the allocation of re
Page 196 and 197: estimation of drought were determin
Page 198 and 199: Table 2. Effect of date of sowing,
Page 200 and 201: from October to February and a summ
Page 202 and 203: Table 3. Promising areas for ground
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1. There are possibilities of growi
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mmmm450350250150ASoil moisture useS
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Table 9. Yield a of preflood ahu (a
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )6Farmers’ l
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ReferencesIRRI (International Rice
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network (Sastry 1976). Temperature
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Temperature (°C) and solar radiati
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Table 1. Characterization of rainfa
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in eastern Uttar Pradesh under norm
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fluctuations/variations in rainfall
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the desirable rainfall period at 50
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The radiation values range from les
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not affect the growth and developme
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Agrohydrologic and drought riskanal
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Analytical procedureThe nature and
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late because of low rainfall at the
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Probability (%)10080604020Vegetativ
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15 August), which may happen twice
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texture), then once in two years (5
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Characterizing biotic stresses
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Characterizing biotic constraintsto
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included in these studies. Later st
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Average number of insects per sweep
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Table 2. Categorization of weed and
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Table 5. Properties of individual c
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ResultsRelations among pests and cr
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Start hereInterview farmers todocum
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Table 10. Information used to prior
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Interpreting the results of indepen
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level. Again, we augment our databa
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NotesAuthors’ address: Cambodia-I
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in soil nutritional status, especia
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flora. The range in elevation acros
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Table 1. Soil characteristics of th
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Table 3. Weed species recorded and
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Proportional abundance (log scale)%
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1.0Echi_colCype_iriMoll_penLind_spp
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+3.0Echi_cruMars_creEcli_albLept_ch
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indicates the need to deploy broad-
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ReferencesBangun P, Pane H, Jatmiko
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Socioeconomic characterization
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The role of characterizationin ex a
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ApproachThe following steps were ta
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PriceDS 0S 1P 0P 1dS 0S 1acbD0 Q 0Q
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Table 1. Ex ante assessment of rese
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Table 2 continued.Ranked byResearch
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Table 3. Research resource allocati
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NotesAuthors’ address: National C
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In addition to the unavailability o
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Socioeconomic constraintsFarm sizeF
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found that a higher rural labor sup
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Table 3. Rice area under HYVs from
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Rice varieties in farmers’ fields
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Table 9. Constraints for low adopti
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vehicle for realizing the untapped
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Parthasarathy G, Prasad DS. 1978. R
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Appendix. Agroclimatic zones of Bih
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such that losses are reduced during
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P = 0.5 R [a 2 C r2+ 2 a (1 - a) g
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and Itgaon, however, the plot-level
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espectively, to farmers’ income.
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Factors determining the adoption of
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mining whether or not modern variet
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irrigation schemes in the study are
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Using gender analysis in characteri
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lytical tool used to identify or di
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However, household members have cer
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Table 1. Village characteristics of
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taking care of dairy cattle. On the
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The biophysical environmentThe perf
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Table 3. Seasonal calendar and gend
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Table 4. Crops grown during the kha
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Table 7. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 8. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 10. Cost and returns of rice
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Gender roles in animal husbandryWhe
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farm activities, 25% in nonfarm act
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for rice but also for cash crops su
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Table 15. Access to agricultural in
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Hossain M. 1995. Recent development
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Agricultural commercializationand l
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Conceptual frameworkPopulation pres
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tional average of 18% 1 , and most
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The Dzao live in medium-altitude ar
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Table 1. Selected districts and com
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Table 2. General characteristics of
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markets for their food needs. With
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ther “extensification” in the u
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the productivity of lowland rice ca
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Boserup E. 1981. Population and tec
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Economics of intensive rainfed lowl
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Area (ha)50,00040,000Irrigated30,00
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The economic characterization and i
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Table 1. Rice varieties planted (19
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Table 4. Yield and input use of maj
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TFP, output and input indices200160
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Lynam JK, Herdt RW. 1989. Sense and
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406 Garcia et al
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Increased rice production had alway
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Table 1. Total rice area, average y
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use of water by avoiding seedbed pr
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water often brought with it a varie
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Table 4. Distribution of farm house
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Soil types found in the villages we
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Table 10. Ownership of agricultural
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in a group) at the rate of $60 per
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Table 13. Pattern of loan use (% of
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Labor and employmentTable 16 presen
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Table 17. Incidence of child labor
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Cumulative proportion of income1.04
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Table 21. Cost and return analysis
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Table 22. Estimated rice yield and
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were often burned for disease contr
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landless population reaching 50-60%
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Integration of biophysical andsocio
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opinion regarding what socioeconomi
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1995-96 Rice production (t)TvRd6Rd1
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Farm-gate price of agricultural goo
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ming the distance of all line segme
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Description of the study areaWe com
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Table 1 continued.Variable Unit1994
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CambodiaFig. 4. Main transport rout
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Table 2. Accessibility indicators f
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ice and the model is applied to exp
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Table 3. Summary of estimates of la
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estimation of a system of multinomi
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The availability of low-saline irri
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Table 5. Simulation of effects of i
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NotesAuthors’ address: Social Sci
Page 462 and 463:
that they synthesize fragmented agr
Page 464 and 465:
Framework for exploratory and predi
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and quantify the spatial distributi
Page 468 and 469:
Seventeen different agricultural pr
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self-sufficiency in rice production
Page 472 and 473:
al warming since maintaining or cre
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eturns to purchased inputs due to u
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Francisco SR, Navarrete Jr. RL, Dim
Page 478:
Wade L. 1998. Nutrient research on
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