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Fig. 4. Extractable soil K map of the lowlands of West Java (Jawa Barat) produced in 1998 (1:500,000) (166 mg K kg –1 are indicated by red, yellow, and green shadings, respectively).<strong>Characterizing</strong> soil phosphorus and potassium status . . . 181
gave a positive yield response with application of 75 kg K ha –1 . In the third, fourth,and fifth trials, there was no increase in grain yields due to either increases in soil Kstatus (third and fifth trials) or low in-crop rainfall (fourth trial).The prevalence of high soil K status in Java needs to be considered along withthe K balance of the soil when formulating K fertilizer recommendations. A positivesoil K balance was shown to occur when K was applied to some treatments in Jakenanrainfed rice trials. In the treatments at Jakenan where N and P were added without K,the K balance was negative, whereas adding NPK (120:18:75) gave an increase insoil K (Wihardjaka et al 1998). Trials with irrigated rice in Java (Dobermann et al1996a), however, showed that K uptake was greater than the amount applied, thuscreating a negative K balance in the soil at the end of the season. Cropping systemswith a negative K balance are unsustainable in the long term and K fertilizers need tobe applied to reduce the risk of K deficiencies. Thus, there is only one recommendedrate for the whole of Java: 26 kg K ha –1 (Karama et al 1998).Lowland rice has been shown to be more responsive to fertilizer K in Sumatrathan in Java. This reflects the fact that low-K areas are more prevalent in Lampung(Fig. 5). Unlike in Java, however, soil P maps are not related to soil K maps. Resultsfrom soil K mapping in Lampung are supported by a soil survey conducted in 1998for the Acid Soils Project, which found that 25 of 32 lowland sites had low soil K(166 mgK kg –1 ) (Karama et al 1998). Despite the need for K fertilizer to be applied in thelowlands of Sumatra, no K fertilizer recommendations specific to that region havebeen developed.Developing K recommendations is hampered by the difficulty in relating soil Kextracted by 1M NH 4 Oac to grain yields. Dobermann et al (1996b) concluded thatpredicting crop K uptake in irrigated rice using a static soil test was not practicalbecause too many soil properties (extractable K, Ca, and Mg combined, CEC, organicmatter, clay content) were required to give accurate results. K uptake in irrigatedlowland rice has been shown to be related to soil K (r 2 = 0.82) as measuredusing mixed-bed ion exchange resin capsules (Dobermann et al 1996b). Ion exchangeresins have the advantage of being able to measure the amount of K that can be extractedfrom a soil over time rather than measuring K in solution at a particular moment.Dynamic measurements of K are required for intensive cropping systems andwhere the soils have K-fixing properties.Data used to test the validity of predicting total K uptake at harvest in lowlandrice were derived from NPK trials conducted at 11 sites in five countries includingIndonesia with K as the only limiting factor (Dobermann et al 1996b). K fertilizerrates varied between sites from 25 to 100 kg K ha –1 , soil pH ranged from 5.7 to 8.5,and clay contents ranged from 25% to 57%. This same method could possibly be usedto predict K uptake by rainfed lowland rice in locations within Java and Lampung.182 Clough et al
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The International Rice Research Ins
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Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
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ForewordRainfed rice areas are asso
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AcknowledgmentsIRRI is most gratefu
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2 Singh et al
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development, for example, provision
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subecosystems were recognized withi
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Table 3. Methods commonly used in e
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Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
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Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
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This included standard countrywide
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deepwater rice ecosystems. The rese
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Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
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Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
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Table 5 continued.Main Scale presen
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levels of involvement. For example,
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●●●ecosystem classifications
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Conclusionsclearly that they are di
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IRRI (International Rice Research I
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Widawsky DA, O’Toole JC. 1990. Pr
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Rice is the staple food crop for mo
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first working group to identify the
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TropicsSubtropicsTemperateSummer/wi
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ferred it for wide adoption by farm
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ing, remote sensing, and computing
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ice environments will be needed to
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Insects and diseasesInsects and dis
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The completeness of characterizatio
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Table 7. Levels and scales for agro
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Jamin JY, Andriesse W. 1993. Discus
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Tools and methodologiesfor biophysi
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Effect of climate, agrohydrology,an
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to water deficit because the crop
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for different periods of the year:
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depth scenarios (shallow, medium, a
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Water table depth (cm)500Shallow wa
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Simulated yield (kg ha -1 )6,0005,0
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Perception, understanding,and mappi
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and rice yield at regional or more
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SubareaSampling sites:GridTransectR
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was approximately 2,000 m with a to
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kg -1 in 50% of the topsoil and sub
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Table 3. Class medians were calcula
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Hard point dataClay, silt, sandHard
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A. Silt (%) B. 0.5 ccdfC. 0.2 ccdf
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In summary, the chosen geostatistic
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elated over slightly longer distanc
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Miura K. 1990. Genetic features of
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Rainfed lowland rice, growing with
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tively. In 1993, following dry till
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Rainfall (mm)Water table depth (cm)
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Saturated hydraulic conductivity (c
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in the uncompacted C0 plots (6.7 wk
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Clay classified≤ 2% 50 ha (2% but
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: D. Harnp
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target area of a breeding program.
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which is calculated from the estima
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hence grain yield. The three major
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ainfall data for each location. Mea
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such as 1980 and 1996, yield was hi
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Table 1 shows the results of the se
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )3UBN 19942103
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decreased with the use of old seedl
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The use of five genotypes with diff
Page 130 and 131: Mackill DJ, Coffman WR, Garrity DP.
Page 132 and 133: In rainfed agriculture, crop perfor
Page 134 and 135: GrainSite Year Code Group yield San
Page 136 and 137: Criteria considered for selecting r
Page 138 and 139: Table 1. Characteristics of the ref
Page 140 and 141: equired as the quality of the repro
Page 142 and 143: Cooper M, Rajatasereekul S, Immark
Page 144 and 145: 144 Amien and Las
Page 146 and 147: As Indonesia’s staple food, rice
Page 148 and 149: Soil and climate of rainfed lowland
Page 150 and 151: isky when the crop is planted late.
Page 152 and 153: The decrease in harvested area only
Page 154 and 155: than in tidal swamp rice, for which
Page 156 and 157: Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
Page 158 and 159: and, indirectly, methane emission f
Page 160 and 161: Radar backscatter (dB)-7ERS windsca
Page 162 and 163: ERS SAR imageseries2. RSpreprocessi
Page 164 and 165: Fig. 6. Supervised classification o
Page 166 and 167: ConclusionsMonitoring of rice crops
Page 168 and 169: Characterizing soil phosphorusand p
Page 170 and 171: Table 1. Area and distribution of s
Page 172 and 173: Table 2. Lowland area (ha) classifi
Page 174 and 175: Fig. 1. Extractable soil P map (25%
Page 176 and 177: Characterizing soil phosphorus and
Page 178 and 179: Table 4. Recommendations for P appl
Page 182 and 183: Fig. 5. Extractable soil K map of t
Page 184 and 185: ● acidic pH (< 6)● low organic
Page 186 and 187: trials, K recommendations for uplan
Page 188 and 189: O’Brien DT, Blair G, Lefroy R. 19
Page 190 and 191: Planning and managing rice farmingt
Page 192 and 193: lowlands is submergence-prone. Ther
Page 194 and 195: situations and the allocation of re
Page 196 and 197: estimation of drought were determin
Page 198 and 199: Table 2. Effect of date of sowing,
Page 200 and 201: from October to February and a summ
Page 202 and 203: Table 3. Promising areas for ground
Page 204 and 205: 1. There are possibilities of growi
Page 206 and 207: mmmm450350250150ASoil moisture useS
Page 208 and 209: Table 9. Yield a of preflood ahu (a
Page 210 and 211: Grain yield (t ha -1 )6Farmers’ l
Page 212 and 213: ReferencesIRRI (International Rice
Page 214 and 215: network (Sastry 1976). Temperature
Page 216 and 217: Temperature (°C) and solar radiati
Page 218 and 219: Table 1. Characterization of rainfa
Page 220 and 221: in eastern Uttar Pradesh under norm
Page 222 and 223: fluctuations/variations in rainfall
Page 224 and 225: the desirable rainfall period at 50
Page 226 and 227: The radiation values range from les
Page 228 and 229: not affect the growth and developme
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Agrohydrologic and drought riskanal
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Analytical procedureThe nature and
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late because of low rainfall at the
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Probability (%)10080604020Vegetativ
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15 August), which may happen twice
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texture), then once in two years (5
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Characterizing biotic stresses
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Characterizing biotic constraintsto
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included in these studies. Later st
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Average number of insects per sweep
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Table 2. Categorization of weed and
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Table 5. Properties of individual c
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ResultsRelations among pests and cr
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Start hereInterview farmers todocum
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Table 10. Information used to prior
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Interpreting the results of indepen
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level. Again, we augment our databa
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NotesAuthors’ address: Cambodia-I
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in soil nutritional status, especia
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flora. The range in elevation acros
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Table 1. Soil characteristics of th
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Table 3. Weed species recorded and
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Proportional abundance (log scale)%
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1.0Echi_colCype_iriMoll_penLind_spp
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+3.0Echi_cruMars_creEcli_albLept_ch
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indicates the need to deploy broad-
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ReferencesBangun P, Pane H, Jatmiko
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Socioeconomic characterization
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The role of characterizationin ex a
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ApproachThe following steps were ta
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PriceDS 0S 1P 0P 1dS 0S 1acbD0 Q 0Q
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Table 1. Ex ante assessment of rese
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Table 2 continued.Ranked byResearch
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Table 3. Research resource allocati
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NotesAuthors’ address: National C
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In addition to the unavailability o
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Socioeconomic constraintsFarm sizeF
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found that a higher rural labor sup
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Table 3. Rice area under HYVs from
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Rice varieties in farmers’ fields
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Table 9. Constraints for low adopti
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vehicle for realizing the untapped
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Parthasarathy G, Prasad DS. 1978. R
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Appendix. Agroclimatic zones of Bih
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such that losses are reduced during
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P = 0.5 R [a 2 C r2+ 2 a (1 - a) g
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and Itgaon, however, the plot-level
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espectively, to farmers’ income.
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Factors determining the adoption of
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mining whether or not modern variet
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irrigation schemes in the study are
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Using gender analysis in characteri
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lytical tool used to identify or di
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However, household members have cer
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Table 1. Village characteristics of
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taking care of dairy cattle. On the
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The biophysical environmentThe perf
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Table 3. Seasonal calendar and gend
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Table 4. Crops grown during the kha
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Table 7. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 8. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 10. Cost and returns of rice
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Gender roles in animal husbandryWhe
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farm activities, 25% in nonfarm act
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for rice but also for cash crops su
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Table 15. Access to agricultural in
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Hossain M. 1995. Recent development
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Agricultural commercializationand l
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Conceptual frameworkPopulation pres
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tional average of 18% 1 , and most
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The Dzao live in medium-altitude ar
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Table 1. Selected districts and com
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Table 2. General characteristics of
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markets for their food needs. With
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ther “extensification” in the u
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the productivity of lowland rice ca
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Boserup E. 1981. Population and tec
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Economics of intensive rainfed lowl
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Area (ha)50,00040,000Irrigated30,00
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The economic characterization and i
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Table 1. Rice varieties planted (19
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Table 4. Yield and input use of maj
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TFP, output and input indices200160
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Lynam JK, Herdt RW. 1989. Sense and
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406 Garcia et al
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Increased rice production had alway
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Table 1. Total rice area, average y
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use of water by avoiding seedbed pr
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water often brought with it a varie
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Table 4. Distribution of farm house
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Soil types found in the villages we
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Table 10. Ownership of agricultural
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in a group) at the rate of $60 per
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Table 13. Pattern of loan use (% of
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Labor and employmentTable 16 presen
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Table 17. Incidence of child labor
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Cumulative proportion of income1.04
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Table 21. Cost and return analysis
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Table 22. Estimated rice yield and
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were often burned for disease contr
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landless population reaching 50-60%
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Integration of biophysical andsocio
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opinion regarding what socioeconomi
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1995-96 Rice production (t)TvRd6Rd1
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Farm-gate price of agricultural goo
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ming the distance of all line segme
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Description of the study areaWe com
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Table 1 continued.Variable Unit1994
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CambodiaFig. 4. Main transport rout
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Table 2. Accessibility indicators f
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ice and the model is applied to exp
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Table 3. Summary of estimates of la
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estimation of a system of multinomi
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The availability of low-saline irri
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Table 5. Simulation of effects of i
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NotesAuthors’ address: Social Sci
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that they synthesize fragmented agr
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Framework for exploratory and predi
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and quantify the spatial distributi
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Seventeen different agricultural pr
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self-sufficiency in rice production
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al warming since maintaining or cre
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eturns to purchased inputs due to u
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Francisco SR, Navarrete Jr. RL, Dim
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Wade L. 1998. Nutrient research on
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