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Table 1. Ex ante assessment of research programs of the rainfed rice productionsystem.NPV a IRR bResearch project Constraint (million (%) RankUS$)Improve crop yield ceiling Low yield 639.30 114 1Rainwater management for Drought 277.55 184 2drought alleviationWeed management Weeds 241.65 190 3Control of parasitic diseases Diseases 182.80 197 4Sustainable livestock Nutrient deficiency117.85 98 5production systemsIntegrated plant nutrient Low organic matter, 114.48 142 6managementN and P deficiencySoil quality and degradation Erosion, nutrient 85.10 252 7deficiencyIntegrated pest management Pest damage 77.88 79 8Managing excess water Excess water 63.33 125 9INM c in vertisols and alfisols Low N and P efficiency54.08 197 10Soil tillage guidelines Crusting 53.65 109 11INM in fish cultivation Manure unavailability41.30 167 12Nutrient management of Low yields 39.98 141 13hybrid riceVegetable-based production Fallow lands 36.50 237 14systemsImpact of tank irrigation Lack of assured water 28.33 183 15Restoration of degraded Degradation, runoff 20.35 90 16watershedsBioinoculants Low rhizobium 17.63 103 17Characterization of rainfed Inappropriate diagnosis 16.95 112 18rice systemDynamics of socioeconomic Inappropriate diagnosis 8.63 77 19changesCrop management strategies Fallow lands 2.45 46 20to increase croppingintensitya NPV = net present value converted into US$ using the exchange rate of US$1 = Rs 40. b IRR =internal rate of return. c INM = integrated nutrient management.cess addressed low yields, drought management, weed management, diseases in livestock,and nutrient deficiencies in the livestock system. The next five projects focusedon integrated nutrient management (INM), soil degradation, integrated pestmanagement (IPM), management of excess water, and INM in vertisols and alfisols.In the next stage, the efficiency indicator was complemented by food security,equity/gender issues, sustainability, and crop diversification. The projects were assessedon the basis of their expected contribution to improving food security, meetingthe needs of women in agriculture, enhancing the sustainability of natural resources,The role of characterization in ex ante assessment . . . 297
Table 2. Assessment of research programs based on multiple goals.Ranked byResearch CumulativeNPV a IRR Food Sustain- Gender Crop cost costProject Constraint (million (%) security b ability b issues b diversifi- EfficiencyCompositeUS$) cation b index index (million US$)Improve crop yield ceiling Low yield 639.30 114 4 3 3 1 1 1 0.1915 0.1915Rainwater management for Drought 277.55 184 5 4 3 2 2 2 0.3605 0.5520drought alleviationControl of parasitic diseases Diseases 182.80 197 4 3 3 4 4 3 0.3603 0.9123Sustainable livestock production Nutrient 117.85 98 4 4 3 4 9 4 0.4070 1.3193systems deficiencyManaging excess water Excess water 63.33 125 4 5 3 4 8 5 0.1985 1.5178Weed management Weeds 241.65 190 3 3 3 1 3 6 0.3925 1.9103Soil quality and degradation Erosion, 85.10 252 4 5 3 2 6 7 0.9275 2.0030nutrientdeficiencyRestoration of degraded watersheds Degradation, 20.35 90 5 5 4 1 15 8 0.9900 2.1020runoffIntegrated pest management Pest damage 77.88 79 4 5 4 1 7 9 0.9028 3.0048Crop management strategies to Fallow lands 2.45 46 4 5 3 4 18 10 0.4680 3.4728increase cropping intensityNutrient management of hybrid rice Low yields 39.98 141 5 2 2 1 13 11 0.0640 3.5365Vegetable-based production systems Fallow lands 36.50 237 3 3 3 4 14 12 0.2370 3.7735Integrated nutrient management in Manure 41.30 167 3 2 2 4 12 13 0.1013 3.8748fish culture unavailabilityVegetable cultivation and storage Fallow lands 2.20 48 3 3 3 4 20 14 0.7100 3.9455INM in vertisols and alfisols Low N and P 54.08 197 3 4 2 1 10 15 0.6875 4.0143efficiencycontinued on next page298 Joshi and Suresh Pal
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The International Rice Research Ins
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Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
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ForewordRainfed rice areas are asso
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AcknowledgmentsIRRI is most gratefu
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2 Singh et al
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development, for example, provision
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subecosystems were recognized withi
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Table 3. Methods commonly used in e
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Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
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Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
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This included standard countrywide
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deepwater rice ecosystems. The rese
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Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
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Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
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Table 5 continued.Main Scale presen
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levels of involvement. For example,
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●●●ecosystem classifications
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Conclusionsclearly that they are di
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IRRI (International Rice Research I
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Widawsky DA, O’Toole JC. 1990. Pr
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Rice is the staple food crop for mo
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first working group to identify the
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TropicsSubtropicsTemperateSummer/wi
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ferred it for wide adoption by farm
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ing, remote sensing, and computing
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ice environments will be needed to
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Insects and diseasesInsects and dis
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The completeness of characterizatio
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Table 7. Levels and scales for agro
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Jamin JY, Andriesse W. 1993. Discus
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Tools and methodologiesfor biophysi
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Effect of climate, agrohydrology,an
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to water deficit because the crop
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for different periods of the year:
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depth scenarios (shallow, medium, a
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Water table depth (cm)500Shallow wa
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Simulated yield (kg ha -1 )6,0005,0
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Perception, understanding,and mappi
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and rice yield at regional or more
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SubareaSampling sites:GridTransectR
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was approximately 2,000 m with a to
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kg -1 in 50% of the topsoil and sub
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Table 3. Class medians were calcula
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Hard point dataClay, silt, sandHard
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A. Silt (%) B. 0.5 ccdfC. 0.2 ccdf
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In summary, the chosen geostatistic
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elated over slightly longer distanc
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Miura K. 1990. Genetic features of
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Rainfed lowland rice, growing with
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tively. In 1993, following dry till
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Rainfall (mm)Water table depth (cm)
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Saturated hydraulic conductivity (c
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in the uncompacted C0 plots (6.7 wk
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Clay classified≤ 2% 50 ha (2% but
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: D. Harnp
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target area of a breeding program.
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which is calculated from the estima
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hence grain yield. The three major
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ainfall data for each location. Mea
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such as 1980 and 1996, yield was hi
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Table 1 shows the results of the se
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )3UBN 19942103
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decreased with the use of old seedl
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The use of five genotypes with diff
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Mackill DJ, Coffman WR, Garrity DP.
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In rainfed agriculture, crop perfor
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GrainSite Year Code Group yield San
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Criteria considered for selecting r
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Table 1. Characteristics of the ref
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equired as the quality of the repro
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Cooper M, Rajatasereekul S, Immark
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144 Amien and Las
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As Indonesia’s staple food, rice
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Soil and climate of rainfed lowland
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isky when the crop is planted late.
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The decrease in harvested area only
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than in tidal swamp rice, for which
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Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
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and, indirectly, methane emission f
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Radar backscatter (dB)-7ERS windsca
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ERS SAR imageseries2. RSpreprocessi
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Fig. 6. Supervised classification o
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ConclusionsMonitoring of rice crops
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Characterizing soil phosphorusand p
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Table 1. Area and distribution of s
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Table 2. Lowland area (ha) classifi
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Fig. 1. Extractable soil P map (25%
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Characterizing soil phosphorus and
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Table 4. Recommendations for P appl
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Fig. 4. Extractable soil K map of t
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Fig. 5. Extractable soil K map of t
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● acidic pH (< 6)● low organic
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trials, K recommendations for uplan
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O’Brien DT, Blair G, Lefroy R. 19
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Planning and managing rice farmingt
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lowlands is submergence-prone. Ther
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situations and the allocation of re
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estimation of drought were determin
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Table 2. Effect of date of sowing,
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from October to February and a summ
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Table 3. Promising areas for ground
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1. There are possibilities of growi
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mmmm450350250150ASoil moisture useS
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Table 9. Yield a of preflood ahu (a
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )6Farmers’ l
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ReferencesIRRI (International Rice
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network (Sastry 1976). Temperature
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Temperature (°C) and solar radiati
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Table 1. Characterization of rainfa
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in eastern Uttar Pradesh under norm
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fluctuations/variations in rainfall
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the desirable rainfall period at 50
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The radiation values range from les
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not affect the growth and developme
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Agrohydrologic and drought riskanal
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Analytical procedureThe nature and
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late because of low rainfall at the
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Probability (%)10080604020Vegetativ
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15 August), which may happen twice
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texture), then once in two years (5
Page 242 and 243: Characterizing biotic stresses
Page 244 and 245: Characterizing biotic constraintsto
Page 246 and 247: included in these studies. Later st
Page 248 and 249: Average number of insects per sweep
Page 250 and 251: Table 2. Categorization of weed and
Page 252 and 253: Table 5. Properties of individual c
Page 254 and 255: ResultsRelations among pests and cr
Page 256 and 257: Start hereInterview farmers todocum
Page 258 and 259: Table 10. Information used to prior
Page 260 and 261: Interpreting the results of indepen
Page 262 and 263: level. Again, we augment our databa
Page 264 and 265: NotesAuthors’ address: Cambodia-I
Page 266 and 267: in soil nutritional status, especia
Page 268 and 269: flora. The range in elevation acros
Page 270 and 271: Table 1. Soil characteristics of th
Page 272 and 273: Table 3. Weed species recorded and
Page 274 and 275: Proportional abundance (log scale)%
Page 276 and 277: 1.0Echi_colCype_iriMoll_penLind_spp
Page 278 and 279: +3.0Echi_cruMars_creEcli_albLept_ch
Page 280 and 281: indicates the need to deploy broad-
Page 282 and 283: ReferencesBangun P, Pane H, Jatmiko
Page 284 and 285: Socioeconomic characterization
Page 286 and 287: The role of characterizationin ex a
Page 288 and 289: ApproachThe following steps were ta
Page 290 and 291: PriceDS 0S 1P 0P 1dS 0S 1acbD0 Q 0Q
Page 294 and 295: Table 2 continued.Ranked byResearch
Page 296 and 297: Table 3. Research resource allocati
Page 298 and 299: NotesAuthors’ address: National C
Page 300 and 301: In addition to the unavailability o
Page 302 and 303: Socioeconomic constraintsFarm sizeF
Page 304 and 305: found that a higher rural labor sup
Page 306 and 307: Table 3. Rice area under HYVs from
Page 308 and 309: Rice varieties in farmers’ fields
Page 310 and 311: Table 9. Constraints for low adopti
Page 312 and 313: vehicle for realizing the untapped
Page 314 and 315: Parthasarathy G, Prasad DS. 1978. R
Page 316 and 317: Appendix. Agroclimatic zones of Bih
Page 318 and 319: such that losses are reduced during
Page 320 and 321: P = 0.5 R [a 2 C r2+ 2 a (1 - a) g
Page 322 and 323: and Itgaon, however, the plot-level
Page 324 and 325: espectively, to farmers’ income.
Page 326 and 327: Factors determining the adoption of
Page 328 and 329: mining whether or not modern variet
Page 330 and 331: irrigation schemes in the study are
Page 332 and 333: Using gender analysis in characteri
Page 334 and 335: lytical tool used to identify or di
Page 336 and 337: However, household members have cer
Page 338 and 339: Table 1. Village characteristics of
Page 340 and 341: taking care of dairy cattle. On the
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The biophysical environmentThe perf
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Table 3. Seasonal calendar and gend
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Table 4. Crops grown during the kha
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Table 7. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 8. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 10. Cost and returns of rice
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Gender roles in animal husbandryWhe
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farm activities, 25% in nonfarm act
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for rice but also for cash crops su
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Table 15. Access to agricultural in
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Hossain M. 1995. Recent development
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Agricultural commercializationand l
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Conceptual frameworkPopulation pres
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tional average of 18% 1 , and most
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The Dzao live in medium-altitude ar
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Table 1. Selected districts and com
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Table 2. General characteristics of
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markets for their food needs. With
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ther “extensification” in the u
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the productivity of lowland rice ca
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Boserup E. 1981. Population and tec
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Economics of intensive rainfed lowl
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Area (ha)50,00040,000Irrigated30,00
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The economic characterization and i
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Table 1. Rice varieties planted (19
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Table 4. Yield and input use of maj
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TFP, output and input indices200160
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Lynam JK, Herdt RW. 1989. Sense and
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406 Garcia et al
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Increased rice production had alway
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Table 1. Total rice area, average y
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use of water by avoiding seedbed pr
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water often brought with it a varie
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Table 4. Distribution of farm house
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Soil types found in the villages we
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Table 10. Ownership of agricultural
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in a group) at the rate of $60 per
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Table 13. Pattern of loan use (% of
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Labor and employmentTable 16 presen
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Table 17. Incidence of child labor
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Cumulative proportion of income1.04
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Table 21. Cost and return analysis
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Table 22. Estimated rice yield and
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were often burned for disease contr
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landless population reaching 50-60%
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Integration of biophysical andsocio
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opinion regarding what socioeconomi
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1995-96 Rice production (t)TvRd6Rd1
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Farm-gate price of agricultural goo
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ming the distance of all line segme
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Description of the study areaWe com
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Table 1 continued.Variable Unit1994
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CambodiaFig. 4. Main transport rout
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Table 2. Accessibility indicators f
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ice and the model is applied to exp
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Table 3. Summary of estimates of la
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estimation of a system of multinomi
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The availability of low-saline irri
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Table 5. Simulation of effects of i
Page 460 and 461:
NotesAuthors’ address: Social Sci
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that they synthesize fragmented agr
Page 464 and 465:
Framework for exploratory and predi
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and quantify the spatial distributi
Page 468 and 469:
Seventeen different agricultural pr
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self-sufficiency in rice production
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al warming since maintaining or cre
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eturns to purchased inputs due to u
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Francisco SR, Navarrete Jr. RL, Dim
Page 478:
Wade L. 1998. Nutrient research on
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