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Table 15. Access to agricultural information of males and females,1995.Village/source Male % Female %ChandpurNeighbors 18 60 13 65Extension staff 5 17 3 15Research institute 4 13 4 20Radio 3 10 3 15Television 6 20 3 15Spouse and relatives 12 40 6 30MungeshpurNeighbors 23 76 15 75Extension staff 7 23 2 10Research institute 6 20 5 25Radio 2 6Television 2 6Spouse and relatives 15 50 3 10SariyawanNeighbors 21 70 15 75Extension staff 10 33 2 10Research institute 8 26 3 15Radio 4 13 2 10Television 3 10 1 5Spouse and relatives 5 16 8 40No. of respondents 30 20ing the key persons or “shining stars” who can serve as agents of change. A lowpercentage of the female respondents receive information from extension agents. Onereason for this is the general lack of female extension workers who can directly interactwith women farmers. FAO (1991) revealed that women constitute a mere 0.59%of India’s agricultural extension workers. Since almost all extension workers are men,women’s roles and skills are usually overlooked, even in areas where they do most ofthe work.Summary and conclusionsThis chapter demonstrated the use of gender analysis as an analytical tool in characterizingand understanding farm-household systems in rainfed lowland rice villages.The analysis showed that, within farm households, there are gender-specific roles andresponsibilities and gender differences in access to resources that have to be consideredby scientists and extension and development workers. Although poor women inrainfed lowland rice environments play vital roles in sustaining food security andalleviating poverty, they face several constraints that limit their potential for increasingfarm productivity. These barriers to productivity are a lack of access to education,Using gender analysis in characterizing and understanding . . . 367
training, extension, new seeds suitable to their environments, animal fodder, and equipmentto ease their workload and overcome drudgery in performing their farm tasks.One strategy for enhancing their productivity and income is to provide them withaccess to new seeds suitable to their specific adverse rainfed environments. Effortsare now being made under the System-wide Initiative on Farmer Participatory PlantBreeding and Gender Analysis to develop methodologies that involve both male andfemale farmers in rice variety development in rainfed environments (Paris et al 1998).Other potential research areas for enhancing women’s roles will be in producing animalfodder within the cropping systems and developing agricultural/mechanical implements/toolsto reduce their drudgery, increase their labor efficiency, and explore waysto optimize the use of rice by-products and home-based technologies. Gender analysiswill also be replicated to complete the socioeconomic and cultural characterizationof major rainfed lowland rice environments in South and Southeast Asia and toprovide a gender-related database for policymakers in addressing gender issues inagriculture.ReferencesAgarwal B. 1998. Disinherited peasants, disadvantaged workers: a gender perspective on landand livelihood. Econ. Polit. Wkly. p 2-14.Bennett L. 1992. Women, poverty, and productivity in India. EDI Seminar Paper Number 43.Washington, D.C. (USA): Economic Development Institute of the World Bank.Bennett L. 1989. Gender and poverty in India: issues and opportunities concerning women inthe Indian economy. Washington, D.C. (USA): World Bank. 153 p.Chen M. 1990. Coping with seasonality and drought. New Delhi (India): Sage Publications.247 p.Cloud K. 1985. Women’s productivity in agricultural systems. In: Overholt C, <strong>And</strong>erson MB,Cloud K, Austin J, editors. Gender roles in development projects: a case book. WestHartford, Conn. (USA): Kumarian Press. p 57-78.Dreze J, Sen A. 1989. Hunger and public action. Oxford (UK): Clarendon Press.Duvvury N. 1989. Women in agriculture: a review of the Indian literature. Econ. Polit. Wkly.28 October 1989.FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 1991. Most farmers in India are women. New Delhi(India): FAO. 20 p.Feldstein HS, Poats SV, Cloud K, Noreem R. 1989. Intra-household dynamics and farmingsystems research and extension: conceptual framework and worksheets. In: FeldsteinHS, Poats SV, editors. Gender and agriculture: case studies in intra-household analysis.West Hartford, Conn. (USA): Kumarian Press.Ghosh H. 1987. Changes in the status of north Indian women: a case study of Palitpur villages.Working Paper No. 141. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich. (USA).Gopalan S. 1992. Sectoral policies on agriculture and related macro-economic policies andtheir gender-responsiveness. New Delhi, India. (In mimeo.)Gupta AK. 1991. Reconceptualizing development and diffusion of technology for dry regions.In: Prasad C, Das P, editors. Extension strategies in rainfed agriculture. New Delhi (India):India Society of Extension Education. p 322-356.368 Paris et al
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The International Rice Research Ins
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Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
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ForewordRainfed rice areas are asso
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AcknowledgmentsIRRI is most gratefu
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2 Singh et al
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development, for example, provision
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subecosystems were recognized withi
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Table 3. Methods commonly used in e
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Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
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Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
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This included standard countrywide
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deepwater rice ecosystems. The rese
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Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
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Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
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Table 5 continued.Main Scale presen
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levels of involvement. For example,
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●●●ecosystem classifications
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Conclusionsclearly that they are di
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IRRI (International Rice Research I
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Widawsky DA, O’Toole JC. 1990. Pr
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Rice is the staple food crop for mo
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first working group to identify the
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TropicsSubtropicsTemperateSummer/wi
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ferred it for wide adoption by farm
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ing, remote sensing, and computing
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ice environments will be needed to
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Insects and diseasesInsects and dis
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The completeness of characterizatio
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Table 7. Levels and scales for agro
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Jamin JY, Andriesse W. 1993. Discus
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Tools and methodologiesfor biophysi
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Effect of climate, agrohydrology,an
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to water deficit because the crop
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for different periods of the year:
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depth scenarios (shallow, medium, a
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Water table depth (cm)500Shallow wa
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Simulated yield (kg ha -1 )6,0005,0
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Perception, understanding,and mappi
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and rice yield at regional or more
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SubareaSampling sites:GridTransectR
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was approximately 2,000 m with a to
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kg -1 in 50% of the topsoil and sub
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Table 3. Class medians were calcula
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Hard point dataClay, silt, sandHard
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A. Silt (%) B. 0.5 ccdfC. 0.2 ccdf
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In summary, the chosen geostatistic
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elated over slightly longer distanc
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Miura K. 1990. Genetic features of
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Rainfed lowland rice, growing with
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tively. In 1993, following dry till
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Rainfall (mm)Water table depth (cm)
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Saturated hydraulic conductivity (c
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in the uncompacted C0 plots (6.7 wk
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Clay classified≤ 2% 50 ha (2% but
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: D. Harnp
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target area of a breeding program.
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which is calculated from the estima
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hence grain yield. The three major
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ainfall data for each location. Mea
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such as 1980 and 1996, yield was hi
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Table 1 shows the results of the se
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )3UBN 19942103
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decreased with the use of old seedl
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The use of five genotypes with diff
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Mackill DJ, Coffman WR, Garrity DP.
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In rainfed agriculture, crop perfor
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GrainSite Year Code Group yield San
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Criteria considered for selecting r
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Table 1. Characteristics of the ref
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equired as the quality of the repro
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Cooper M, Rajatasereekul S, Immark
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144 Amien and Las
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As Indonesia’s staple food, rice
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Soil and climate of rainfed lowland
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isky when the crop is planted late.
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The decrease in harvested area only
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than in tidal swamp rice, for which
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Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
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and, indirectly, methane emission f
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Radar backscatter (dB)-7ERS windsca
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ERS SAR imageseries2. RSpreprocessi
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Fig. 6. Supervised classification o
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ConclusionsMonitoring of rice crops
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Characterizing soil phosphorusand p
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Table 1. Area and distribution of s
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Table 2. Lowland area (ha) classifi
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Fig. 1. Extractable soil P map (25%
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Characterizing soil phosphorus and
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Table 4. Recommendations for P appl
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Fig. 4. Extractable soil K map of t
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Fig. 5. Extractable soil K map of t
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● acidic pH (< 6)● low organic
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trials, K recommendations for uplan
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O’Brien DT, Blair G, Lefroy R. 19
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Planning and managing rice farmingt
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lowlands is submergence-prone. Ther
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situations and the allocation of re
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estimation of drought were determin
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Table 2. Effect of date of sowing,
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from October to February and a summ
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Table 3. Promising areas for ground
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1. There are possibilities of growi
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mmmm450350250150ASoil moisture useS
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Table 9. Yield a of preflood ahu (a
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )6Farmers’ l
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ReferencesIRRI (International Rice
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network (Sastry 1976). Temperature
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Temperature (°C) and solar radiati
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Table 1. Characterization of rainfa
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in eastern Uttar Pradesh under norm
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fluctuations/variations in rainfall
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the desirable rainfall period at 50
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The radiation values range from les
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not affect the growth and developme
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Agrohydrologic and drought riskanal
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Analytical procedureThe nature and
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late because of low rainfall at the
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Probability (%)10080604020Vegetativ
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15 August), which may happen twice
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texture), then once in two years (5
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Characterizing biotic stresses
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Characterizing biotic constraintsto
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included in these studies. Later st
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Average number of insects per sweep
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Table 2. Categorization of weed and
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Table 5. Properties of individual c
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ResultsRelations among pests and cr
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Start hereInterview farmers todocum
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Table 10. Information used to prior
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Interpreting the results of indepen
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level. Again, we augment our databa
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NotesAuthors’ address: Cambodia-I
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in soil nutritional status, especia
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flora. The range in elevation acros
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Table 1. Soil characteristics of th
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Table 3. Weed species recorded and
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Proportional abundance (log scale)%
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1.0Echi_colCype_iriMoll_penLind_spp
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+3.0Echi_cruMars_creEcli_albLept_ch
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indicates the need to deploy broad-
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ReferencesBangun P, Pane H, Jatmiko
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Socioeconomic characterization
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The role of characterizationin ex a
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ApproachThe following steps were ta
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PriceDS 0S 1P 0P 1dS 0S 1acbD0 Q 0Q
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Table 1. Ex ante assessment of rese
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Table 2 continued.Ranked byResearch
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Table 3. Research resource allocati
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NotesAuthors’ address: National C
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In addition to the unavailability o
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Socioeconomic constraintsFarm sizeF
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found that a higher rural labor sup
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Table 3. Rice area under HYVs from
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Rice varieties in farmers’ fields
Page 310 and 311: Table 9. Constraints for low adopti
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Page 314 and 315: Parthasarathy G, Prasad DS. 1978. R
Page 316 and 317: Appendix. Agroclimatic zones of Bih
Page 318 and 319: such that losses are reduced during
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Page 324 and 325: espectively, to farmers’ income.
Page 326 and 327: Factors determining the adoption of
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Page 332 and 333: Using gender analysis in characteri
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Page 336 and 337: However, household members have cer
Page 338 and 339: Table 1. Village characteristics of
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Page 342 and 343: The biophysical environmentThe perf
Page 344 and 345: Table 3. Seasonal calendar and gend
Page 346 and 347: Table 4. Crops grown during the kha
Page 348 and 349: Table 7. Labor input (person-days h
Page 350 and 351: Table 8. Labor input (person-days h
Page 352 and 353: Table 10. Cost and returns of rice
Page 354 and 355: Gender roles in animal husbandryWhe
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Page 358 and 359: for rice but also for cash crops su
Page 362 and 363: Hossain M. 1995. Recent development
Page 364 and 365: Agricultural commercializationand l
Page 366 and 367: Conceptual frameworkPopulation pres
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Page 370 and 371: The Dzao live in medium-altitude ar
Page 372 and 373: Table 1. Selected districts and com
Page 374 and 375: Table 2. General characteristics of
Page 376 and 377: markets for their food needs. With
Page 378 and 379: ther “extensification” in the u
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Page 382 and 383: Boserup E. 1981. Population and tec
Page 384 and 385: Economics of intensive rainfed lowl
Page 386 and 387: Area (ha)50,00040,000Irrigated30,00
Page 388 and 389: The economic characterization and i
Page 390 and 391: Table 1. Rice varieties planted (19
Page 392 and 393: Table 4. Yield and input use of maj
Page 394 and 395: TFP, output and input indices200160
Page 396 and 397: Lynam JK, Herdt RW. 1989. Sense and
Page 398 and 399: 406 Garcia et al
Page 400 and 401: Increased rice production had alway
Page 402 and 403: Table 1. Total rice area, average y
Page 404 and 405: use of water by avoiding seedbed pr
Page 406 and 407: water often brought with it a varie
Page 408 and 409: Table 4. Distribution of farm house
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Soil types found in the villages we
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Table 10. Ownership of agricultural
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in a group) at the rate of $60 per
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Table 13. Pattern of loan use (% of
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Labor and employmentTable 16 presen
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Table 17. Incidence of child labor
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Cumulative proportion of income1.04
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Table 21. Cost and return analysis
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Table 22. Estimated rice yield and
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were often burned for disease contr
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landless population reaching 50-60%
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Integration of biophysical andsocio
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opinion regarding what socioeconomi
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1995-96 Rice production (t)TvRd6Rd1
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Farm-gate price of agricultural goo
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ming the distance of all line segme
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Description of the study areaWe com
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Table 1 continued.Variable Unit1994
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CambodiaFig. 4. Main transport rout
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Table 2. Accessibility indicators f
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ice and the model is applied to exp
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Table 3. Summary of estimates of la
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estimation of a system of multinomi
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The availability of low-saline irri
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Table 5. Simulation of effects of i
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NotesAuthors’ address: Social Sci
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that they synthesize fragmented agr
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Framework for exploratory and predi
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and quantify the spatial distributi
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Seventeen different agricultural pr
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self-sufficiency in rice production
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al warming since maintaining or cre
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eturns to purchased inputs due to u
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Francisco SR, Navarrete Jr. RL, Dim
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Wade L. 1998. Nutrient research on
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