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Conclusionsclearly that they are different in the two systems. Therefore, without understandingbiotic stresses, technology development may be addressing lessrelevant problems or may require modifications.Characterization of rainfed rice environments for specific objectives is very usefulbecause it enhances research prioritization and technology development, delivery,and impact. Characterization for the sake of characterizing has limited value. Characterizationwithout linkages to its higher or lower hierarchies also has limited value.Agronomic interpretations and developing relationships tremendously increase thevalue of characterization and mapping.Characterization can be efficiently accomplished by first determining an objectivebased on requirements, inventorying what is available and making use of it, andthen embarking on fresh data collection on new items when necessary. Adding informationon the critical parameters that have been missing, such as hydrology, will addvalue to the already accomplished characterizations. Similarly, there is a need to establishlinkages over scales, disciplines, and institutions. Functional collaborationamong agencies seems to be an essential prerequisite. However, different institutionalinterests and sensitivities may be involved in data sharing, which one needs to beaware of in the collaborative efforts. A discussion on this among the partners from thebeginning may be quite useful and a clear outline of the responsibilities of and benefitsto all involved is expected to enhance collaboration to serve the respective interests.Several mechanisms exist, such as the Rainfed Lowland Rice Research Consortiumand other consortia, and network projects, for exploring these opportunities tofurther enhance characterization and use it for productivity gains.ReferencesAhmed NU, Magor NP, Islam S, Khan AH, Naseem SB. 1992. Extrapolation and testing oftechnologies in Bangladesh. In: Proceedings of the 1990 Planning Workshop on EcosystemsAnalysis for Extrapolation of Agricultural Technologies. Los Baños (Philippines):International Rice Research Institute. p 26-59.Bolton F, Zandstra HG. 1981. A soil moisture based yield model of wetland rainfed rice. IRRIResearch Paper Series 62. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute.Buol SW, Cuoto W. 1981. Soil-fertility-capability assessment for use in the humid tropics. In:Greenland DJ, editor. Characterization of soils. Oxford (UK): Clarendon Press. p 254-261.Conway G. 1986. Agroecosystem analysis for research development. Bangkok (Thailand):Winrock International.FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1977. FAO-UNESCO soilmap of the world. Vol. VII. South Asia. Paris (France): UNESCO.FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1979. FAO-UNESCO soilmap of the world. Vol IX. Southeast Asia. Paris (France): UNESCO.28 Singh et al
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1988. Land resources appraisalof Bangladesh for agricultural development. BGD/81/035. Technical Reports1-7.Fukai S, Rajatsasereekul S, Boonjung H, Skulkhu E. 1995. Simulation modeling to quantifythe effect of drought for rainfed lowland rice in Northeast Thailand. In: Fragile lives infragile ecosystems. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute.p 657-674.Garrity DP. 1984. Asian upland rice environments. In: An overview of upland rice research.Proceedings of the Upland Rice Workshop, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire, 1982. Los Baños(Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. p 161-163.Garrity DP, Agustin PC. 1984. A classification of Asian upland rice growing environments.Paper presented at the Workshop on Characterization and Classification of Upland RiceEnvironments, August 1984. Goiânia, Goiás (Brazil): CNPAF, EMBRAPA.Garrity DP, Oldeman LR, Morris RA, Lenka D. 1986. Rainfed lowland rice ecosystems: characterizationand distribution. In: Progress in rainfed lowland rice. Los Baños (Philippines):International Rice Research Institute. p 3-23.Garrity DP, Agustin PC, Dacumos RQ, Pernito RN. 1992. A method for extrapolating rainfedcropping systems by land type. In: Proceedings of the 1990 Planning Workshop on EcosystemAnalysis for Extrapolation of Agricultural Technologies, 22-25 May 1990,Tuguegarao, Cagayan, Philippines. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice ResearchInstitute.Garrity DP, Bruce RC. 1992. Rice ecosystems in Cambodia. Paper presented at the seminar onRemote Sensing and GIS in Agricultural Research, 20-22 July 1992. Los Baños (Philippines):International Rice Research Institute. 11 p. (In mimeo.)Garrity DP, Singh VP, Hossain M. 1996. Rice ecosystems analysis for research prioritization.In: Evenson RE, Herdt RW, Hossain M, editors. Rice research in Asia: progress andpriorities. Los Baños (Philippines): CAB International and International Rice ResearchInstitute. p 35-58.Higgins GM, Kassam AH, van Velthuizen HT, Prnell MF. 1987. Agricultural environments:characterization, classification and mapping. In: Bunting AH, editor. Proceedings of theRome workshop on agroecological characterization, classification, and mapping, 14-18April 1986. Wallingford (UK): CAB International. p 171-183.Holdridge LR, Grenke WC, Hatheway WH, Liang T, Tosi JA. 1971. Forest environments intropical life zones: a pilot study. Oxford (UK): Pergamon.Huke RE. 1982. Rice area by type of culture: South, Southeast, and East Asia. Los Baños(Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. 32 p.Huke RE, Huke EU. 1997. Rice area by type of culture: South, Southeast and East Asia—arevised and updated database. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute.59 p.IRRI (International Rice Research Institute). 1984. Terminology for rice growing environments.Los Baños (Philippines): IRRI. 35 p.IRRI (International Rice Research Institute). 1987. Annual report for 1986. Los Baños (Philippines):IRRI. p 432-436.IRRI (International Rice Research Institute). 1989a. IRRI toward 2000 and beyond. Los Baños(Philippines): IRRI.IRRI (International Rice Research Institute). 1989b. Program report for 1988. Los Baños (Philippines):IRRI. p 430-436.Characterizing rainfed rice environments: an overview . . . 29
Page 2 and 3: The International Rice Research Ins
Page 4 and 5: Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
Page 6 and 7: ForewordRainfed rice areas are asso
Page 8 and 9: AcknowledgmentsIRRI is most gratefu
Page 10 and 11: 2 Singh et al
Page 12 and 13: development, for example, provision
Page 14 and 15: subecosystems were recognized withi
Page 16 and 17: Table 3. Methods commonly used in e
Page 18 and 19: Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
Page 20 and 21: Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
Page 22 and 23: This included standard countrywide
Page 24 and 25: deepwater rice ecosystems. The rese
Page 26 and 27: Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
Page 28 and 29: Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
Page 30 and 31: Table 5 continued.Main Scale presen
Page 32 and 33: levels of involvement. For example,
Page 34 and 35: ●●●ecosystem classifications
Page 38 and 39: IRRI (International Rice Research I
Page 40 and 41: Widawsky DA, O’Toole JC. 1990. Pr
Page 42 and 43: Rice is the staple food crop for mo
Page 44 and 45: first working group to identify the
Page 46 and 47: TropicsSubtropicsTemperateSummer/wi
Page 48 and 49: ferred it for wide adoption by farm
Page 50 and 51: ing, remote sensing, and computing
Page 52 and 53: ice environments will be needed to
Page 54 and 55: Insects and diseasesInsects and dis
Page 56 and 57: The completeness of characterizatio
Page 58 and 59: Table 7. Levels and scales for agro
Page 60 and 61: Jamin JY, Andriesse W. 1993. Discus
Page 62 and 63: Tools and methodologiesfor biophysi
Page 64 and 65: Effect of climate, agrohydrology,an
Page 66 and 67: to water deficit because the crop
Page 68 and 69: for different periods of the year:
Page 70 and 71: depth scenarios (shallow, medium, a
Page 72 and 73: Water table depth (cm)500Shallow wa
Page 74 and 75: Simulated yield (kg ha -1 )6,0005,0
Page 76 and 77: Perception, understanding,and mappi
Page 78 and 79: and rice yield at regional or more
Page 80 and 81: SubareaSampling sites:GridTransectR
Page 82 and 83: was approximately 2,000 m with a to
Page 84 and 85: kg -1 in 50% of the topsoil and sub
Page 86 and 87:
Table 3. Class medians were calcula
Page 88 and 89:
Hard point dataClay, silt, sandHard
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A. Silt (%) B. 0.5 ccdfC. 0.2 ccdf
Page 92 and 93:
In summary, the chosen geostatistic
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elated over slightly longer distanc
Page 96 and 97:
Miura K. 1990. Genetic features of
Page 98 and 99:
Rainfed lowland rice, growing with
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tively. In 1993, following dry till
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Rainfall (mm)Water table depth (cm)
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Saturated hydraulic conductivity (c
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in the uncompacted C0 plots (6.7 wk
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Clay classified≤ 2% 50 ha (2% but
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: D. Harnp
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target area of a breeding program.
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which is calculated from the estima
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hence grain yield. The three major
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ainfall data for each location. Mea
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such as 1980 and 1996, yield was hi
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Table 1 shows the results of the se
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )3UBN 19942103
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decreased with the use of old seedl
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The use of five genotypes with diff
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Mackill DJ, Coffman WR, Garrity DP.
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In rainfed agriculture, crop perfor
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GrainSite Year Code Group yield San
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Criteria considered for selecting r
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Table 1. Characteristics of the ref
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equired as the quality of the repro
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Cooper M, Rajatasereekul S, Immark
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144 Amien and Las
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As Indonesia’s staple food, rice
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Soil and climate of rainfed lowland
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isky when the crop is planted late.
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The decrease in harvested area only
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than in tidal swamp rice, for which
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Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
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and, indirectly, methane emission f
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Radar backscatter (dB)-7ERS windsca
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ERS SAR imageseries2. RSpreprocessi
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Fig. 6. Supervised classification o
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ConclusionsMonitoring of rice crops
Page 168 and 169:
Characterizing soil phosphorusand p
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Table 1. Area and distribution of s
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Table 2. Lowland area (ha) classifi
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Fig. 1. Extractable soil P map (25%
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Characterizing soil phosphorus and
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Table 4. Recommendations for P appl
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Fig. 4. Extractable soil K map of t
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Fig. 5. Extractable soil K map of t
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● acidic pH (< 6)● low organic
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trials, K recommendations for uplan
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O’Brien DT, Blair G, Lefroy R. 19
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Planning and managing rice farmingt
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lowlands is submergence-prone. Ther
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situations and the allocation of re
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estimation of drought were determin
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Table 2. Effect of date of sowing,
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from October to February and a summ
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Table 3. Promising areas for ground
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1. There are possibilities of growi
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mmmm450350250150ASoil moisture useS
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Table 9. Yield a of preflood ahu (a
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )6Farmers’ l
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ReferencesIRRI (International Rice
Page 214 and 215:
network (Sastry 1976). Temperature
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Temperature (°C) and solar radiati
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Table 1. Characterization of rainfa
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in eastern Uttar Pradesh under norm
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fluctuations/variations in rainfall
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the desirable rainfall period at 50
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The radiation values range from les
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not affect the growth and developme
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Agrohydrologic and drought riskanal
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Analytical procedureThe nature and
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late because of low rainfall at the
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Probability (%)10080604020Vegetativ
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15 August), which may happen twice
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texture), then once in two years (5
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Characterizing biotic stresses
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Characterizing biotic constraintsto
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included in these studies. Later st
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Average number of insects per sweep
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Table 2. Categorization of weed and
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Table 5. Properties of individual c
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ResultsRelations among pests and cr
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Start hereInterview farmers todocum
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Table 10. Information used to prior
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Interpreting the results of indepen
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level. Again, we augment our databa
Page 264 and 265:
NotesAuthors’ address: Cambodia-I
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in soil nutritional status, especia
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flora. The range in elevation acros
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Table 1. Soil characteristics of th
Page 272 and 273:
Table 3. Weed species recorded and
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Proportional abundance (log scale)%
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1.0Echi_colCype_iriMoll_penLind_spp
Page 278 and 279:
+3.0Echi_cruMars_creEcli_albLept_ch
Page 280 and 281:
indicates the need to deploy broad-
Page 282 and 283:
ReferencesBangun P, Pane H, Jatmiko
Page 284 and 285:
Socioeconomic characterization
Page 286 and 287:
The role of characterizationin ex a
Page 288 and 289:
ApproachThe following steps were ta
Page 290 and 291:
PriceDS 0S 1P 0P 1dS 0S 1acbD0 Q 0Q
Page 292 and 293:
Table 1. Ex ante assessment of rese
Page 294 and 295:
Table 2 continued.Ranked byResearch
Page 296 and 297:
Table 3. Research resource allocati
Page 298 and 299:
NotesAuthors’ address: National C
Page 300 and 301:
In addition to the unavailability o
Page 302 and 303:
Socioeconomic constraintsFarm sizeF
Page 304 and 305:
found that a higher rural labor sup
Page 306 and 307:
Table 3. Rice area under HYVs from
Page 308 and 309:
Rice varieties in farmers’ fields
Page 310 and 311:
Table 9. Constraints for low adopti
Page 312 and 313:
vehicle for realizing the untapped
Page 314 and 315:
Parthasarathy G, Prasad DS. 1978. R
Page 316 and 317:
Appendix. Agroclimatic zones of Bih
Page 318 and 319:
such that losses are reduced during
Page 320 and 321:
P = 0.5 R [a 2 C r2+ 2 a (1 - a) g
Page 322 and 323:
and Itgaon, however, the plot-level
Page 324 and 325:
espectively, to farmers’ income.
Page 326 and 327:
Factors determining the adoption of
Page 328 and 329:
mining whether or not modern variet
Page 330 and 331:
irrigation schemes in the study are
Page 332 and 333:
Using gender analysis in characteri
Page 334 and 335:
lytical tool used to identify or di
Page 336 and 337:
However, household members have cer
Page 338 and 339:
Table 1. Village characteristics of
Page 340 and 341:
taking care of dairy cattle. On the
Page 342 and 343:
The biophysical environmentThe perf
Page 344 and 345:
Table 3. Seasonal calendar and gend
Page 346 and 347:
Table 4. Crops grown during the kha
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Table 7. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 8. Labor input (person-days h
Page 352 and 353:
Table 10. Cost and returns of rice
Page 354 and 355:
Gender roles in animal husbandryWhe
Page 356 and 357:
farm activities, 25% in nonfarm act
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for rice but also for cash crops su
Page 360 and 361:
Table 15. Access to agricultural in
Page 362 and 363:
Hossain M. 1995. Recent development
Page 364 and 365:
Agricultural commercializationand l
Page 366 and 367:
Conceptual frameworkPopulation pres
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tional average of 18% 1 , and most
Page 370 and 371:
The Dzao live in medium-altitude ar
Page 372 and 373:
Table 1. Selected districts and com
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Table 2. General characteristics of
Page 376 and 377:
markets for their food needs. With
Page 378 and 379:
ther “extensification” in the u
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the productivity of lowland rice ca
Page 382 and 383:
Boserup E. 1981. Population and tec
Page 384 and 385:
Economics of intensive rainfed lowl
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Area (ha)50,00040,000Irrigated30,00
Page 388 and 389:
The economic characterization and i
Page 390 and 391:
Table 1. Rice varieties planted (19
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Table 4. Yield and input use of maj
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TFP, output and input indices200160
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Lynam JK, Herdt RW. 1989. Sense and
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406 Garcia et al
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Increased rice production had alway
Page 402 and 403:
Table 1. Total rice area, average y
Page 404 and 405:
use of water by avoiding seedbed pr
Page 406 and 407:
water often brought with it a varie
Page 408 and 409:
Table 4. Distribution of farm house
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Soil types found in the villages we
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Table 10. Ownership of agricultural
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in a group) at the rate of $60 per
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Table 13. Pattern of loan use (% of
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Labor and employmentTable 16 presen
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Table 17. Incidence of child labor
Page 422 and 423:
Cumulative proportion of income1.04
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Table 21. Cost and return analysis
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Table 22. Estimated rice yield and
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were often burned for disease contr
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landless population reaching 50-60%
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Integration of biophysical andsocio
Page 434 and 435:
opinion regarding what socioeconomi
Page 436 and 437:
1995-96 Rice production (t)TvRd6Rd1
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Farm-gate price of agricultural goo
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ming the distance of all line segme
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Description of the study areaWe com
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Table 1 continued.Variable Unit1994
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CambodiaFig. 4. Main transport rout
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Table 2. Accessibility indicators f
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ice and the model is applied to exp
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Table 3. Summary of estimates of la
Page 454 and 455:
estimation of a system of multinomi
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The availability of low-saline irri
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Table 5. Simulation of effects of i
Page 460 and 461:
NotesAuthors’ address: Social Sci
Page 462 and 463:
that they synthesize fragmented agr
Page 464 and 465:
Framework for exploratory and predi
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and quantify the spatial distributi
Page 468 and 469:
Seventeen different agricultural pr
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self-sufficiency in rice production
Page 472 and 473:
al warming since maintaining or cre
Page 474 and 475:
eturns to purchased inputs due to u
Page 476 and 477:
Francisco SR, Navarrete Jr. RL, Dim
Page 478:
Wade L. 1998. Nutrient research on
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