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Miura K. 1990. Genetic features of the major soils in northeast Thailand. Khon Kaen (Thailand):Agricultural Development Research Project in Northeast Thailand.Moormann FR, Montrakun S, Panichapong S. 1964. Soils of northeastern Thailand: a key totheir identification and survey. Bangkok (Thailand): Land Development Department.Oberthür T, Dobermann A, Goovaerts P. 1999. Mapping soil texture classes using field texturing,particle size distribution, and local knowledge by both conventional and geostatisticalmethods. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 50:459-479.Oberthür T, Dobermann A, Neue HU. 1996. How good is a reconnaissance soil map for agronomicpurposes? Soil Use Manage. 12:33-43.Oliver MA, Webster R. 1991. How geostatistics can help you. Soil Use Manage. 7:206-218.Page AL. 1982. Methods of soil analysis. Madison, Wis. (USA): American Society of Agronomy.Paiboon P, Liengsakul M, Engkagul V. 1985. Grain size analysis of some sand rises and streamsediments in the northeast of Thailand in order to indicate depositional environment. In:Proceedings of the Conference on Geology and Mineral Resource Development in NortheastThailand. Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand. p 235-253.Patcharapreecha P. 1988. Physico-chemical properties of the Northeast paddy soils in relationto fertility. In: Panichapong S, editor. Proceedings of the First International Symposiumon Paddy Soil Fertility. Paddy soil fertility working group, Chiang Mai, Thailand.p 405-414.Pendleton RL, Montrakun S. 1960. The soils of Thailand. In: Proceedings of the 9th PacificScience Congress. Bangkok (Thailand): Department of Rice, Ministry of Agriculture.Ragland J, Boonpuckdee L. 1988. Soil fertility management in northeast Thailand. Khon Kaen(Thailand): Northeast Rainfed Agricultural Development Project (NERAD).Suddhiprakarn A, Kheoruenromne I. 1987. A study on some alfisols and ultisols in ustic soilmoisture regime, northeast Thailand. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 21:214-229.Tamura T. 1986. Geomorphological development in northeast Thailand with reference to problemsoil formation. Agricultural Development Research Project in Northeast Thailand.Khon Kaen (Thailand): JICA.Webster R, Oliver MA. 1990. Statistical methods in soil and land resource survey. Oxford(UK): Oxford University Press.Zeigler RS, Puckridge DW. 1995. Improving sustainable productivity in rice-based rainfedlowland systems of South and Southeast Asia. GeoJournal 35:307-324.NotesAuthors’ addresses: Thomas Oberthür, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT),Cali, Colombia; Suan Pheng Kam, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños,Philippines.Citation: Tuong TP, Kam SP, Wade L, Pandey S, Bouman BAM, Hardy B, editors. 2000. <strong>Characterizing</strong>and understanding rainfed environments. Proceedings of the InternationalWorkshop on <strong>Characterizing</strong> and Understanding Rainfed Environments, 5-9 Dec. 1999,Bali, Indonesia. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute.488 p.Perception, understanding, and mapping of soil variability . . . 95
Identifying soil suitability for subsoilcompaction to improve waterandnutrient-use efficiencyin rainfed lowland riceD. Harnpichitvitaya, G. Trébuil, T. Oberthür, G. Pantuwan, I. Craig,T.P. Tuong, L.J. Wade, and D. Suriya-ArunrojFor coarse-textured soils of high subsoil permeability, research has demonstratedthe benefits of subsoil compaction for improved water- and nutrientuseefficiency in rainfed lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.). To better define soilconditions suited to this subsoil compaction, on-farm experiments were carriedout on soils varying in subsoil clay content. Rice (cv. KDML105 in 1993and cv. RD6 in 1994) was grown in main plots comparing shallow dry tillagewithout compaction, shallow dry tillage with subsoil compaction, and deepdry tillage with subsoil compaction. Soil was compacted in seven farmers’fields in the south of Ubon Ratchathani Province, with 10 passes of a vibratingroad roller on 19 and 23 May 1993. The effects of subsoil compaction onchanges in soil physical and hydrological properties differed according tosubsoil clay content, which ranged from 1.4% to 12.0%. Subsoil compactiondecreased soil hydraulic conductivity sufficiently for fields with subsoil claycontent greater than 2%. When subsoil clay content was higher than 10%,the justification for using relatively costly subsoil compaction was questionable,as the hydraulic conductivity was already low and the gains in waterstoringcapacity seemed limited. Based on these results, proportions of soilswith subsoils of 10% clay were mapped using geographicinformation systems for an area of about 40,000 ha within the UbonRatchathani Land Reform Area. About 40% of the mapped area had subsoilswith clay % between 2 and 10, suggesting that substantial areas could besuitable for subsoil compaction. More investigations are needed to assessits economic and social acceptability, to better understand variability andprobability of response, and to further refine soil suitability in relation to claytype, clay content, and groundwater changes at the toposequence level.Identifying soil suitability for subsoil compaction . . . 97
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The International Rice Research Ins
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Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
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ForewordRainfed rice areas are asso
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AcknowledgmentsIRRI is most gratefu
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2 Singh et al
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development, for example, provision
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subecosystems were recognized withi
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Table 3. Methods commonly used in e
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Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
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Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
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This included standard countrywide
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deepwater rice ecosystems. The rese
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Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
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Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
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Table 5 continued.Main Scale presen
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levels of involvement. For example,
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●●●ecosystem classifications
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Conclusionsclearly that they are di
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IRRI (International Rice Research I
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Widawsky DA, O’Toole JC. 1990. Pr
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Rice is the staple food crop for mo
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first working group to identify the
Page 46 and 47: TropicsSubtropicsTemperateSummer/wi
Page 48 and 49: ferred it for wide adoption by farm
Page 50 and 51: ing, remote sensing, and computing
Page 52 and 53: ice environments will be needed to
Page 54 and 55: Insects and diseasesInsects and dis
Page 56 and 57: The completeness of characterizatio
Page 58 and 59: Table 7. Levels and scales for agro
Page 60 and 61: Jamin JY, Andriesse W. 1993. Discus
Page 62 and 63: Tools and methodologiesfor biophysi
Page 64 and 65: Effect of climate, agrohydrology,an
Page 66 and 67: to water deficit because the crop
Page 68 and 69: for different periods of the year:
Page 70 and 71: depth scenarios (shallow, medium, a
Page 72 and 73: Water table depth (cm)500Shallow wa
Page 74 and 75: Simulated yield (kg ha -1 )6,0005,0
Page 76 and 77: Perception, understanding,and mappi
Page 78 and 79: and rice yield at regional or more
Page 80 and 81: SubareaSampling sites:GridTransectR
Page 82 and 83: was approximately 2,000 m with a to
Page 84 and 85: kg -1 in 50% of the topsoil and sub
Page 86 and 87: Table 3. Class medians were calcula
Page 88 and 89: Hard point dataClay, silt, sandHard
Page 90 and 91: A. Silt (%) B. 0.5 ccdfC. 0.2 ccdf
Page 92 and 93: In summary, the chosen geostatistic
Page 94 and 95: elated over slightly longer distanc
Page 98 and 99: Rainfed lowland rice, growing with
Page 100 and 101: tively. In 1993, following dry till
Page 102 and 103: Rainfall (mm)Water table depth (cm)
Page 104 and 105: Saturated hydraulic conductivity (c
Page 106 and 107: in the uncompacted C0 plots (6.7 wk
Page 108 and 109: Clay classified≤ 2% 50 ha (2% but
Page 110 and 111: NotesAuthors’ addresses: D. Harnp
Page 112 and 113: target area of a breeding program.
Page 114 and 115: which is calculated from the estima
Page 116 and 117: hence grain yield. The three major
Page 118 and 119: ainfall data for each location. Mea
Page 120 and 121: such as 1980 and 1996, yield was hi
Page 122 and 123: Table 1 shows the results of the se
Page 124 and 125: Grain yield (t ha -1 )3UBN 19942103
Page 126 and 127: decreased with the use of old seedl
Page 128 and 129: The use of five genotypes with diff
Page 130 and 131: Mackill DJ, Coffman WR, Garrity DP.
Page 132 and 133: In rainfed agriculture, crop perfor
Page 134 and 135: GrainSite Year Code Group yield San
Page 136 and 137: Criteria considered for selecting r
Page 138 and 139: Table 1. Characteristics of the ref
Page 140 and 141: equired as the quality of the repro
Page 142 and 143: Cooper M, Rajatasereekul S, Immark
Page 144 and 145: 144 Amien and Las
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As Indonesia’s staple food, rice
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Soil and climate of rainfed lowland
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isky when the crop is planted late.
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The decrease in harvested area only
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than in tidal swamp rice, for which
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Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
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and, indirectly, methane emission f
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Radar backscatter (dB)-7ERS windsca
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ERS SAR imageseries2. RSpreprocessi
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Fig. 6. Supervised classification o
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ConclusionsMonitoring of rice crops
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Characterizing soil phosphorusand p
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Table 1. Area and distribution of s
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Table 2. Lowland area (ha) classifi
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Fig. 1. Extractable soil P map (25%
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Characterizing soil phosphorus and
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Table 4. Recommendations for P appl
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Fig. 4. Extractable soil K map of t
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Fig. 5. Extractable soil K map of t
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● acidic pH (< 6)● low organic
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trials, K recommendations for uplan
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O’Brien DT, Blair G, Lefroy R. 19
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Planning and managing rice farmingt
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lowlands is submergence-prone. Ther
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situations and the allocation of re
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estimation of drought were determin
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Table 2. Effect of date of sowing,
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from October to February and a summ
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Table 3. Promising areas for ground
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1. There are possibilities of growi
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mmmm450350250150ASoil moisture useS
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Table 9. Yield a of preflood ahu (a
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )6Farmers’ l
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ReferencesIRRI (International Rice
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network (Sastry 1976). Temperature
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Temperature (°C) and solar radiati
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Table 1. Characterization of rainfa
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in eastern Uttar Pradesh under norm
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fluctuations/variations in rainfall
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the desirable rainfall period at 50
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The radiation values range from les
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not affect the growth and developme
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Agrohydrologic and drought riskanal
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Analytical procedureThe nature and
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late because of low rainfall at the
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Probability (%)10080604020Vegetativ
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15 August), which may happen twice
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texture), then once in two years (5
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Characterizing biotic stresses
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Characterizing biotic constraintsto
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included in these studies. Later st
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Average number of insects per sweep
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Table 2. Categorization of weed and
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Table 5. Properties of individual c
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ResultsRelations among pests and cr
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Start hereInterview farmers todocum
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Table 10. Information used to prior
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Interpreting the results of indepen
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level. Again, we augment our databa
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NotesAuthors’ address: Cambodia-I
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in soil nutritional status, especia
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flora. The range in elevation acros
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Table 1. Soil characteristics of th
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Table 3. Weed species recorded and
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Proportional abundance (log scale)%
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1.0Echi_colCype_iriMoll_penLind_spp
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+3.0Echi_cruMars_creEcli_albLept_ch
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indicates the need to deploy broad-
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ReferencesBangun P, Pane H, Jatmiko
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Socioeconomic characterization
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The role of characterizationin ex a
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ApproachThe following steps were ta
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PriceDS 0S 1P 0P 1dS 0S 1acbD0 Q 0Q
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Table 1. Ex ante assessment of rese
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Table 2 continued.Ranked byResearch
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Table 3. Research resource allocati
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NotesAuthors’ address: National C
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In addition to the unavailability o
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Socioeconomic constraintsFarm sizeF
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found that a higher rural labor sup
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Table 3. Rice area under HYVs from
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Rice varieties in farmers’ fields
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Table 9. Constraints for low adopti
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vehicle for realizing the untapped
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Parthasarathy G, Prasad DS. 1978. R
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Appendix. Agroclimatic zones of Bih
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such that losses are reduced during
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P = 0.5 R [a 2 C r2+ 2 a (1 - a) g
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and Itgaon, however, the plot-level
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espectively, to farmers’ income.
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Factors determining the adoption of
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mining whether or not modern variet
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irrigation schemes in the study are
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Using gender analysis in characteri
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lytical tool used to identify or di
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However, household members have cer
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Table 1. Village characteristics of
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taking care of dairy cattle. On the
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The biophysical environmentThe perf
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Table 3. Seasonal calendar and gend
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Table 4. Crops grown during the kha
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Table 7. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 8. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 10. Cost and returns of rice
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Gender roles in animal husbandryWhe
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farm activities, 25% in nonfarm act
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for rice but also for cash crops su
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Table 15. Access to agricultural in
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Hossain M. 1995. Recent development
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Agricultural commercializationand l
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Conceptual frameworkPopulation pres
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tional average of 18% 1 , and most
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The Dzao live in medium-altitude ar
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Table 1. Selected districts and com
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Table 2. General characteristics of
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markets for their food needs. With
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ther “extensification” in the u
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the productivity of lowland rice ca
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Boserup E. 1981. Population and tec
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Economics of intensive rainfed lowl
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Area (ha)50,00040,000Irrigated30,00
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The economic characterization and i
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Table 1. Rice varieties planted (19
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Table 4. Yield and input use of maj
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TFP, output and input indices200160
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Lynam JK, Herdt RW. 1989. Sense and
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406 Garcia et al
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Increased rice production had alway
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Table 1. Total rice area, average y
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use of water by avoiding seedbed pr
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water often brought with it a varie
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Table 4. Distribution of farm house
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Soil types found in the villages we
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Table 10. Ownership of agricultural
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in a group) at the rate of $60 per
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Table 13. Pattern of loan use (% of
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Labor and employmentTable 16 presen
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Table 17. Incidence of child labor
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Cumulative proportion of income1.04
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Table 21. Cost and return analysis
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Table 22. Estimated rice yield and
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were often burned for disease contr
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landless population reaching 50-60%
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Integration of biophysical andsocio
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opinion regarding what socioeconomi
Page 436 and 437:
1995-96 Rice production (t)TvRd6Rd1
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Farm-gate price of agricultural goo
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ming the distance of all line segme
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Description of the study areaWe com
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Table 1 continued.Variable Unit1994
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CambodiaFig. 4. Main transport rout
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Table 2. Accessibility indicators f
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ice and the model is applied to exp
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Table 3. Summary of estimates of la
Page 454 and 455:
estimation of a system of multinomi
Page 456 and 457:
The availability of low-saline irri
Page 458 and 459:
Table 5. Simulation of effects of i
Page 460 and 461:
NotesAuthors’ address: Social Sci
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that they synthesize fragmented agr
Page 464 and 465:
Framework for exploratory and predi
Page 466 and 467:
and quantify the spatial distributi
Page 468 and 469:
Seventeen different agricultural pr
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self-sufficiency in rice production
Page 472 and 473:
al warming since maintaining or cre
Page 474 and 475:
eturns to purchased inputs due to u
Page 476 and 477:
Francisco SR, Navarrete Jr. RL, Dim
Page 478:
Wade L. 1998. Nutrient research on
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