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Table 3. Methods commonly used in evaluating parameters of rice ecosystems at different levels. aMethod Description Level of Geographical area Referenceanalysis1. Parametric ● Index for different parameters of Mega Countries of South and Garrity and Agustin (1984)method classification of upland rice-growing Southeast Asiaenvironment● Agro-hydrological parameters Mega Mekong Delta, Vietnam Tuong et al (1991)2. Remote sensing- ● Satellite image interpretation and Mega Entire Cambodia Garrity and Bruce (1992)based method ground truth● Satellite image interpretation and Meso Mekong Delta Kam et al (2000)ground truth One district in India (40 more IRRI (1993)districts now)● Satellite image interpretation and Meso Some sites in Côte d’Ivoire WARDA (1993)ground truth; also use of availableancilliary information● Satellite image interpretation and Meso Entire Côte d’Ivoire WARDA (1993)ground truth● Aerial photograph interpretation and Micro Some research sites IRRI (1989b)ground truth for collecting information in Thailandon field experimental sites3. Rapid rural ● Household and village surveys, Micro More than 100 villages Lightfoot et al (1989), Singhappraisal (RRA) interview with extension agents and in eastern India et al (1993, 1999)farmers, field observations andmeasurements, use of secondary data● Interview with extension agents and Macro Entire Côte d’Ivoire WARDA (1993)farmers, some field observationsa Adopted from Singh and Singh (1995).8 Singh et al
Table 4. Parameters used in some published rainfed rice environmental characterizations and analysisat different scales.Scale of analysis/characterization Geographical Environmental characteristics/and rice area area parameters studied ReferencecoveredMega South and ● Rainfall in 5-mo growing season Garrity et al (1986)(30 million ha) Southeast ● No. of months R>PE + 20%Asia ● Soil textural class● Slope class● Soil units (physical and chemicalcharacteristics and constraintssuch as low CEC, high P fixation,alkalinity and salinity, Zndeficiency; organic, acid sulfate,and shallow soilsMega Eastern India ● Irrigation IRRI (1993)(26.8 million ● Water depthha) ● Land formMacro (–) Bangladesh ● Various soil physical and chemical Ahmed et al (1992)properties● Land use● Rainfall FAO (1988)● Length of growing season● Crop establishment techniques● Water qualityMacro Eastern India ● Rice yield reductions due to major Widawsky and O’Toole(10.6 million ha) biophysical stresses (1990), IRRI (1993)● Drought● Flooding pattern● Water balance● Length of growing season● Rice yieldMacro Côte d’Ivoire ● Rainfall WARDA (1992)(329,000 ha) ● Toposequence position● Tillage method● Rice variety, sowing, and intercroppingtechnique● Land tenure● Decision-making by gender● Production objectiveMeso Bahraich ● Land form Singh and Pathak(200,000 ha) District, India ● Physiography and slope (1990), IRRI● Soil texture (1992, 1996)● Soil fertility● Water sources● Irrigationcontinued on next pageCharacterizing rainfed rice environments: an overview . . . 9
Page 2 and 3: The International Rice Research Ins
Page 4 and 5: Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
Page 6 and 7: ForewordRainfed rice areas are asso
Page 8 and 9: AcknowledgmentsIRRI is most gratefu
Page 10 and 11: 2 Singh et al
Page 12 and 13: development, for example, provision
Page 14 and 15: subecosystems were recognized withi
Page 18 and 19: Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
Page 20 and 21: Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
Page 22 and 23: This included standard countrywide
Page 24 and 25: deepwater rice ecosystems. The rese
Page 26 and 27: Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
Page 28 and 29: Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
Page 30 and 31: Table 5 continued.Main Scale presen
Page 32 and 33: levels of involvement. For example,
Page 34 and 35: ●●●ecosystem classifications
Page 36 and 37: Conclusionsclearly that they are di
Page 38 and 39: IRRI (International Rice Research I
Page 40 and 41: Widawsky DA, O’Toole JC. 1990. Pr
Page 42 and 43: Rice is the staple food crop for mo
Page 44 and 45: first working group to identify the
Page 46 and 47: TropicsSubtropicsTemperateSummer/wi
Page 48 and 49: ferred it for wide adoption by farm
Page 50 and 51: ing, remote sensing, and computing
Page 52 and 53: ice environments will be needed to
Page 54 and 55: Insects and diseasesInsects and dis
Page 56 and 57: The completeness of characterizatio
Page 58 and 59: Table 7. Levels and scales for agro
Page 60 and 61: Jamin JY, Andriesse W. 1993. Discus
Page 62 and 63: Tools and methodologiesfor biophysi
Page 64 and 65: Effect of climate, agrohydrology,an
Page 66 and 67:
to water deficit because the crop
Page 68 and 69:
for different periods of the year:
Page 70 and 71:
depth scenarios (shallow, medium, a
Page 72 and 73:
Water table depth (cm)500Shallow wa
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Simulated yield (kg ha -1 )6,0005,0
Page 76 and 77:
Perception, understanding,and mappi
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and rice yield at regional or more
Page 80 and 81:
SubareaSampling sites:GridTransectR
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was approximately 2,000 m with a to
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kg -1 in 50% of the topsoil and sub
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Table 3. Class medians were calcula
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Hard point dataClay, silt, sandHard
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A. Silt (%) B. 0.5 ccdfC. 0.2 ccdf
Page 92 and 93:
In summary, the chosen geostatistic
Page 94 and 95:
elated over slightly longer distanc
Page 96 and 97:
Miura K. 1990. Genetic features of
Page 98 and 99:
Rainfed lowland rice, growing with
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tively. In 1993, following dry till
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Rainfall (mm)Water table depth (cm)
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Saturated hydraulic conductivity (c
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in the uncompacted C0 plots (6.7 wk
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Clay classified≤ 2% 50 ha (2% but
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: D. Harnp
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target area of a breeding program.
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which is calculated from the estima
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hence grain yield. The three major
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ainfall data for each location. Mea
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such as 1980 and 1996, yield was hi
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Table 1 shows the results of the se
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )3UBN 19942103
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decreased with the use of old seedl
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The use of five genotypes with diff
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Mackill DJ, Coffman WR, Garrity DP.
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In rainfed agriculture, crop perfor
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GrainSite Year Code Group yield San
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Criteria considered for selecting r
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Table 1. Characteristics of the ref
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equired as the quality of the repro
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Cooper M, Rajatasereekul S, Immark
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144 Amien and Las
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As Indonesia’s staple food, rice
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Soil and climate of rainfed lowland
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isky when the crop is planted late.
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The decrease in harvested area only
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than in tidal swamp rice, for which
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Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
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and, indirectly, methane emission f
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Radar backscatter (dB)-7ERS windsca
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ERS SAR imageseries2. RSpreprocessi
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Fig. 6. Supervised classification o
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ConclusionsMonitoring of rice crops
Page 168 and 169:
Characterizing soil phosphorusand p
Page 170 and 171:
Table 1. Area and distribution of s
Page 172 and 173:
Table 2. Lowland area (ha) classifi
Page 174 and 175:
Fig. 1. Extractable soil P map (25%
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Characterizing soil phosphorus and
Page 178 and 179:
Table 4. Recommendations for P appl
Page 180 and 181:
Fig. 4. Extractable soil K map of t
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Fig. 5. Extractable soil K map of t
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● acidic pH (< 6)● low organic
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trials, K recommendations for uplan
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O’Brien DT, Blair G, Lefroy R. 19
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Planning and managing rice farmingt
Page 192 and 193:
lowlands is submergence-prone. Ther
Page 194 and 195:
situations and the allocation of re
Page 196 and 197:
estimation of drought were determin
Page 198 and 199:
Table 2. Effect of date of sowing,
Page 200 and 201:
from October to February and a summ
Page 202 and 203:
Table 3. Promising areas for ground
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1. There are possibilities of growi
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mmmm450350250150ASoil moisture useS
Page 208 and 209:
Table 9. Yield a of preflood ahu (a
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )6Farmers’ l
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ReferencesIRRI (International Rice
Page 214 and 215:
network (Sastry 1976). Temperature
Page 216 and 217:
Temperature (°C) and solar radiati
Page 218 and 219:
Table 1. Characterization of rainfa
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in eastern Uttar Pradesh under norm
Page 222 and 223:
fluctuations/variations in rainfall
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the desirable rainfall period at 50
Page 226 and 227:
The radiation values range from les
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not affect the growth and developme
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Agrohydrologic and drought riskanal
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Analytical procedureThe nature and
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late because of low rainfall at the
Page 236 and 237:
Probability (%)10080604020Vegetativ
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15 August), which may happen twice
Page 240 and 241:
texture), then once in two years (5
Page 242 and 243:
Characterizing biotic stresses
Page 244 and 245:
Characterizing biotic constraintsto
Page 246 and 247:
included in these studies. Later st
Page 248 and 249:
Average number of insects per sweep
Page 250 and 251:
Table 2. Categorization of weed and
Page 252 and 253:
Table 5. Properties of individual c
Page 254 and 255:
ResultsRelations among pests and cr
Page 256 and 257:
Start hereInterview farmers todocum
Page 258 and 259:
Table 10. Information used to prior
Page 260 and 261:
Interpreting the results of indepen
Page 262 and 263:
level. Again, we augment our databa
Page 264 and 265:
NotesAuthors’ address: Cambodia-I
Page 266 and 267:
in soil nutritional status, especia
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flora. The range in elevation acros
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Table 1. Soil characteristics of th
Page 272 and 273:
Table 3. Weed species recorded and
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Proportional abundance (log scale)%
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1.0Echi_colCype_iriMoll_penLind_spp
Page 278 and 279:
+3.0Echi_cruMars_creEcli_albLept_ch
Page 280 and 281:
indicates the need to deploy broad-
Page 282 and 283:
ReferencesBangun P, Pane H, Jatmiko
Page 284 and 285:
Socioeconomic characterization
Page 286 and 287:
The role of characterizationin ex a
Page 288 and 289:
ApproachThe following steps were ta
Page 290 and 291:
PriceDS 0S 1P 0P 1dS 0S 1acbD0 Q 0Q
Page 292 and 293:
Table 1. Ex ante assessment of rese
Page 294 and 295:
Table 2 continued.Ranked byResearch
Page 296 and 297:
Table 3. Research resource allocati
Page 298 and 299:
NotesAuthors’ address: National C
Page 300 and 301:
In addition to the unavailability o
Page 302 and 303:
Socioeconomic constraintsFarm sizeF
Page 304 and 305:
found that a higher rural labor sup
Page 306 and 307:
Table 3. Rice area under HYVs from
Page 308 and 309:
Rice varieties in farmers’ fields
Page 310 and 311:
Table 9. Constraints for low adopti
Page 312 and 313:
vehicle for realizing the untapped
Page 314 and 315:
Parthasarathy G, Prasad DS. 1978. R
Page 316 and 317:
Appendix. Agroclimatic zones of Bih
Page 318 and 319:
such that losses are reduced during
Page 320 and 321:
P = 0.5 R [a 2 C r2+ 2 a (1 - a) g
Page 322 and 323:
and Itgaon, however, the plot-level
Page 324 and 325:
espectively, to farmers’ income.
Page 326 and 327:
Factors determining the adoption of
Page 328 and 329:
mining whether or not modern variet
Page 330 and 331:
irrigation schemes in the study are
Page 332 and 333:
Using gender analysis in characteri
Page 334 and 335:
lytical tool used to identify or di
Page 336 and 337:
However, household members have cer
Page 338 and 339:
Table 1. Village characteristics of
Page 340 and 341:
taking care of dairy cattle. On the
Page 342 and 343:
The biophysical environmentThe perf
Page 344 and 345:
Table 3. Seasonal calendar and gend
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Table 4. Crops grown during the kha
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Table 7. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 8. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 10. Cost and returns of rice
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Gender roles in animal husbandryWhe
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farm activities, 25% in nonfarm act
Page 358 and 359:
for rice but also for cash crops su
Page 360 and 361:
Table 15. Access to agricultural in
Page 362 and 363:
Hossain M. 1995. Recent development
Page 364 and 365:
Agricultural commercializationand l
Page 366 and 367:
Conceptual frameworkPopulation pres
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tional average of 18% 1 , and most
Page 370 and 371:
The Dzao live in medium-altitude ar
Page 372 and 373:
Table 1. Selected districts and com
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Table 2. General characteristics of
Page 376 and 377:
markets for their food needs. With
Page 378 and 379:
ther “extensification” in the u
Page 380 and 381:
the productivity of lowland rice ca
Page 382 and 383:
Boserup E. 1981. Population and tec
Page 384 and 385:
Economics of intensive rainfed lowl
Page 386 and 387:
Area (ha)50,00040,000Irrigated30,00
Page 388 and 389:
The economic characterization and i
Page 390 and 391:
Table 1. Rice varieties planted (19
Page 392 and 393:
Table 4. Yield and input use of maj
Page 394 and 395:
TFP, output and input indices200160
Page 396 and 397:
Lynam JK, Herdt RW. 1989. Sense and
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406 Garcia et al
Page 400 and 401:
Increased rice production had alway
Page 402 and 403:
Table 1. Total rice area, average y
Page 404 and 405:
use of water by avoiding seedbed pr
Page 406 and 407:
water often brought with it a varie
Page 408 and 409:
Table 4. Distribution of farm house
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Soil types found in the villages we
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Table 10. Ownership of agricultural
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in a group) at the rate of $60 per
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Table 13. Pattern of loan use (% of
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Labor and employmentTable 16 presen
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Table 17. Incidence of child labor
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Cumulative proportion of income1.04
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Table 21. Cost and return analysis
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Table 22. Estimated rice yield and
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were often burned for disease contr
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landless population reaching 50-60%
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Integration of biophysical andsocio
Page 434 and 435:
opinion regarding what socioeconomi
Page 436 and 437:
1995-96 Rice production (t)TvRd6Rd1
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Farm-gate price of agricultural goo
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ming the distance of all line segme
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Description of the study areaWe com
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Table 1 continued.Variable Unit1994
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CambodiaFig. 4. Main transport rout
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Table 2. Accessibility indicators f
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ice and the model is applied to exp
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Table 3. Summary of estimates of la
Page 454 and 455:
estimation of a system of multinomi
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The availability of low-saline irri
Page 458 and 459:
Table 5. Simulation of effects of i
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NotesAuthors’ address: Social Sci
Page 462 and 463:
that they synthesize fragmented agr
Page 464 and 465:
Framework for exploratory and predi
Page 466 and 467:
and quantify the spatial distributi
Page 468 and 469:
Seventeen different agricultural pr
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self-sufficiency in rice production
Page 472 and 473:
al warming since maintaining or cre
Page 474 and 475:
eturns to purchased inputs due to u
Page 476 and 477:
Francisco SR, Navarrete Jr. RL, Dim
Page 478:
Wade L. 1998. Nutrient research on
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