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Grain yield (t ha –1 )6Farmers’ level (Ranjit)Recommended level (Ranjit)Farmers’ level (IET-10016)Recommended level (IET-10016)5432100–10 cm10–20 cm30–50 cmWater-depth classFig. 4. Grain yield (t ha –1 ) of rice genotypes Ranjit and IET-10016 inthree surface-water-depth classes with farmers’ level (15, 5, 0) andrecommended level (40, 20, 20) of N, P 2 O 5 , K 2 O (kg ha –1 ) application.depth) drought-prone lowland subecosystem. The micro-level analysis showed about88% of the rice-growing area under rainfed shallow drought-prone lowlands and theremaining 12% under the rainfed medium-deep (30–50-cm water depth) waterloggedsubecosystem (Table 11). Subecosystem characterization also included informationon drought and flooding pattern, timing, and duration in the rice-growing season.Based on this knowledge of rice environments, the farmers were provided witha rice variety (NDR-118) that is an early (90 d flowering), fine-grained variety, experimentallyfound to be very suitable for rainfed shallow drought-prone lowlands.The performance of this variety was compared with that of the farmers’ grown varietiesprevalent in the area (IR36, Sarju-52, and Pant-4), which are of medium duration(100 d flowering) and generally suitable for irrigated or rainfed shallow favorablelowlands. Mahsuri, a variety of medium to long duration (110–120 d flowering) andtall plant type, was being grown by farmers on medium-deep waterlogged lowlands.Seeds of these varieties were also provided to the farmers. During the wet season of1994, despite a normal total rainfall in the area, terminal drought in rice occurredbecause of no rain after 20 September. Because of this drought, some farmers couldnot get any yield and the crop failed completely. Data collected from 385 farmersfrom these villages showed such total failure to the extent of only 7% of farmers’fields with NDR-118. The other varieties used by farmers showed total failure to theextent of 39% for farmers using IR36, 18% for Mahsuri, and 11% for Sarju-52 (Table12). Data collected from two selected villages in subsequent years showed a significantincrease in rice area coverage under NDR-118, the variety found suitable for thedominant subecosystem of the area.Planning and managing rice farming through environmental analysis 211
Table 11. Area under different rice ecosystems in Milkipur studyarea, Faizabad District, India.Rice subecosystems and other Area % geographicalland-use class (ha) areaRainfed shallow drought-prone lowlands 4,447 62.7Rainfed medium-deep waterloggedlowlands 583 8.2Other crops 736 10.4Forests and orchards 472 6.7Uncultivated 502 7.1Ponds/lakes 193 2.7Habitation 155 2.2Total 7,088 100.0Table 12. Rice varieties tested, ecosystem suitability, and percentagetotal crop failure in farmers’ fields in Milkipur area, FaizabadDistrict, India (kharif 1994). Total number of farmers = 385.Duration and ecosystem % farmersRice variety suitability reporting totalcrop failureIR36Sarju-52MahsuriNDR-118130 d, irrigated/rainfed shallowfavorable lowlands 39140 d, irrigated/rainfed shallowfavorable lowlands 11145 d, irrigated/rainfed shallowfavorable lowlands/mediumdeepwaterlogged 1890 d, rainfed shallow drought-pronelowlands/rainfed uplands 7This shows that the knowledge of environmental characterization helps in selectingappropriate varieties, whose use can help farmers increase production andreduce risk in uncertain rainfed environments.ConclusionsThe results of the studies carried out in eastern India indicate that the performance ofthe rice crop is strongly influenced by the hydrological conditions prevailing in thegrowing season. These hydrological influences can be mitigated considerably if cropmanagement strategies are developed on the basis of the knowledge of environmentalconditions. Likewise, other appropriate technologies can be developed using suchknowledge and can easily be applied by farmers in rainfed situations.212 Borkakati et al
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The International Rice Research Ins
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Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
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ForewordRainfed rice areas are asso
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AcknowledgmentsIRRI is most gratefu
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2 Singh et al
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development, for example, provision
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subecosystems were recognized withi
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Table 3. Methods commonly used in e
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Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
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Table 4 continued.Scale of analysis
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This included standard countrywide
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deepwater rice ecosystems. The rese
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Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
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Table 5 continued.Main MethodologyC
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Table 5 continued.Main Scale presen
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levels of involvement. For example,
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●●●ecosystem classifications
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Conclusionsclearly that they are di
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IRRI (International Rice Research I
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Widawsky DA, O’Toole JC. 1990. Pr
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Rice is the staple food crop for mo
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first working group to identify the
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TropicsSubtropicsTemperateSummer/wi
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ferred it for wide adoption by farm
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ing, remote sensing, and computing
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ice environments will be needed to
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Insects and diseasesInsects and dis
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The completeness of characterizatio
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Table 7. Levels and scales for agro
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Jamin JY, Andriesse W. 1993. Discus
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Tools and methodologiesfor biophysi
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Effect of climate, agrohydrology,an
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to water deficit because the crop
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for different periods of the year:
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depth scenarios (shallow, medium, a
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Water table depth (cm)500Shallow wa
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Simulated yield (kg ha -1 )6,0005,0
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Perception, understanding,and mappi
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and rice yield at regional or more
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SubareaSampling sites:GridTransectR
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was approximately 2,000 m with a to
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kg -1 in 50% of the topsoil and sub
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Table 3. Class medians were calcula
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Hard point dataClay, silt, sandHard
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A. Silt (%) B. 0.5 ccdfC. 0.2 ccdf
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In summary, the chosen geostatistic
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elated over slightly longer distanc
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Miura K. 1990. Genetic features of
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Rainfed lowland rice, growing with
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tively. In 1993, following dry till
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Rainfall (mm)Water table depth (cm)
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Saturated hydraulic conductivity (c
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in the uncompacted C0 plots (6.7 wk
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Clay classified≤ 2% 50 ha (2% but
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: D. Harnp
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target area of a breeding program.
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which is calculated from the estima
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hence grain yield. The three major
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ainfall data for each location. Mea
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such as 1980 and 1996, yield was hi
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Table 1 shows the results of the se
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )3UBN 19942103
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decreased with the use of old seedl
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The use of five genotypes with diff
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Mackill DJ, Coffman WR, Garrity DP.
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In rainfed agriculture, crop perfor
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GrainSite Year Code Group yield San
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Criteria considered for selecting r
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Table 1. Characteristics of the ref
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equired as the quality of the repro
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Cooper M, Rajatasereekul S, Immark
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144 Amien and Las
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As Indonesia’s staple food, rice
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Soil and climate of rainfed lowland
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isky when the crop is planted late.
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The decrease in harvested area only
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than in tidal swamp rice, for which
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Monitoring rainfed and irrigated ri
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and, indirectly, methane emission f
Page 160 and 161: Radar backscatter (dB)-7ERS windsca
Page 162 and 163: ERS SAR imageseries2. RSpreprocessi
Page 164 and 165: Fig. 6. Supervised classification o
Page 166 and 167: ConclusionsMonitoring of rice crops
Page 168 and 169: Characterizing soil phosphorusand p
Page 170 and 171: Table 1. Area and distribution of s
Page 172 and 173: Table 2. Lowland area (ha) classifi
Page 174 and 175: Fig. 1. Extractable soil P map (25%
Page 176 and 177: Characterizing soil phosphorus and
Page 178 and 179: Table 4. Recommendations for P appl
Page 180 and 181: Fig. 4. Extractable soil K map of t
Page 182 and 183: Fig. 5. Extractable soil K map of t
Page 184 and 185: ● acidic pH (< 6)● low organic
Page 186 and 187: trials, K recommendations for uplan
Page 188 and 189: O’Brien DT, Blair G, Lefroy R. 19
Page 190 and 191: Planning and managing rice farmingt
Page 192 and 193: lowlands is submergence-prone. Ther
Page 194 and 195: situations and the allocation of re
Page 196 and 197: estimation of drought were determin
Page 198 and 199: Table 2. Effect of date of sowing,
Page 200 and 201: from October to February and a summ
Page 202 and 203: Table 3. Promising areas for ground
Page 204 and 205: 1. There are possibilities of growi
Page 206 and 207: mmmm450350250150ASoil moisture useS
Page 208 and 209: Table 9. Yield a of preflood ahu (a
Page 212 and 213: ReferencesIRRI (International Rice
Page 214 and 215: network (Sastry 1976). Temperature
Page 216 and 217: Temperature (°C) and solar radiati
Page 218 and 219: Table 1. Characterization of rainfa
Page 220 and 221: in eastern Uttar Pradesh under norm
Page 222 and 223: fluctuations/variations in rainfall
Page 224 and 225: the desirable rainfall period at 50
Page 226 and 227: The radiation values range from les
Page 228 and 229: not affect the growth and developme
Page 230 and 231: Agrohydrologic and drought riskanal
Page 232 and 233: Analytical procedureThe nature and
Page 234 and 235: late because of low rainfall at the
Page 236 and 237: Probability (%)10080604020Vegetativ
Page 238 and 239: 15 August), which may happen twice
Page 240 and 241: texture), then once in two years (5
Page 242 and 243: Characterizing biotic stresses
Page 244 and 245: Characterizing biotic constraintsto
Page 246 and 247: included in these studies. Later st
Page 248 and 249: Average number of insects per sweep
Page 250 and 251: Table 2. Categorization of weed and
Page 252 and 253: Table 5. Properties of individual c
Page 254 and 255: ResultsRelations among pests and cr
Page 256 and 257: Start hereInterview farmers todocum
Page 258 and 259: Table 10. Information used to prior
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Interpreting the results of indepen
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level. Again, we augment our databa
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NotesAuthors’ address: Cambodia-I
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in soil nutritional status, especia
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flora. The range in elevation acros
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Table 1. Soil characteristics of th
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Table 3. Weed species recorded and
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Proportional abundance (log scale)%
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1.0Echi_colCype_iriMoll_penLind_spp
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+3.0Echi_cruMars_creEcli_albLept_ch
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indicates the need to deploy broad-
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ReferencesBangun P, Pane H, Jatmiko
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Socioeconomic characterization
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The role of characterizationin ex a
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ApproachThe following steps were ta
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PriceDS 0S 1P 0P 1dS 0S 1acbD0 Q 0Q
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Table 1. Ex ante assessment of rese
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Table 2 continued.Ranked byResearch
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Table 3. Research resource allocati
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NotesAuthors’ address: National C
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In addition to the unavailability o
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Socioeconomic constraintsFarm sizeF
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found that a higher rural labor sup
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Table 3. Rice area under HYVs from
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Rice varieties in farmers’ fields
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Table 9. Constraints for low adopti
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vehicle for realizing the untapped
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Parthasarathy G, Prasad DS. 1978. R
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Appendix. Agroclimatic zones of Bih
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such that losses are reduced during
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P = 0.5 R [a 2 C r2+ 2 a (1 - a) g
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and Itgaon, however, the plot-level
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espectively, to farmers’ income.
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Factors determining the adoption of
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mining whether or not modern variet
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irrigation schemes in the study are
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Using gender analysis in characteri
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lytical tool used to identify or di
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However, household members have cer
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Table 1. Village characteristics of
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taking care of dairy cattle. On the
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The biophysical environmentThe perf
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Table 3. Seasonal calendar and gend
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Table 4. Crops grown during the kha
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Table 7. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 8. Labor input (person-days h
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Table 10. Cost and returns of rice
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Gender roles in animal husbandryWhe
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farm activities, 25% in nonfarm act
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for rice but also for cash crops su
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Table 15. Access to agricultural in
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Hossain M. 1995. Recent development
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Agricultural commercializationand l
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Conceptual frameworkPopulation pres
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tional average of 18% 1 , and most
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The Dzao live in medium-altitude ar
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Table 1. Selected districts and com
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Table 2. General characteristics of
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markets for their food needs. With
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ther “extensification” in the u
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the productivity of lowland rice ca
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Boserup E. 1981. Population and tec
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Economics of intensive rainfed lowl
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Area (ha)50,00040,000Irrigated30,00
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The economic characterization and i
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Table 1. Rice varieties planted (19
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Table 4. Yield and input use of maj
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TFP, output and input indices200160
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Lynam JK, Herdt RW. 1989. Sense and
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406 Garcia et al
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Increased rice production had alway
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Table 1. Total rice area, average y
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use of water by avoiding seedbed pr
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water often brought with it a varie
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Table 4. Distribution of farm house
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Soil types found in the villages we
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Table 10. Ownership of agricultural
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in a group) at the rate of $60 per
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Table 13. Pattern of loan use (% of
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Labor and employmentTable 16 presen
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Table 17. Incidence of child labor
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Cumulative proportion of income1.04
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Table 21. Cost and return analysis
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Table 22. Estimated rice yield and
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were often burned for disease contr
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landless population reaching 50-60%
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Integration of biophysical andsocio
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opinion regarding what socioeconomi
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1995-96 Rice production (t)TvRd6Rd1
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Farm-gate price of agricultural goo
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ming the distance of all line segme
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Description of the study areaWe com
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Table 1 continued.Variable Unit1994
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CambodiaFig. 4. Main transport rout
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Table 2. Accessibility indicators f
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ice and the model is applied to exp
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Table 3. Summary of estimates of la
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estimation of a system of multinomi
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The availability of low-saline irri
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Table 5. Simulation of effects of i
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NotesAuthors’ address: Social Sci
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that they synthesize fragmented agr
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Framework for exploratory and predi
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and quantify the spatial distributi
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Seventeen different agricultural pr
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self-sufficiency in rice production
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al warming since maintaining or cre
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eturns to purchased inputs due to u
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Francisco SR, Navarrete Jr. RL, Dim
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Wade L. 1998. Nutrient research on
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