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92 Z. Sela[Ra] A. A. Razborov, On systems of equations in a free group, Ph.D. thesis,Steklov Math, institute, 1987.[Sa] G. S. Sacerdote, Elementary properties of free groups, Transactions Amer.Math. Soc. 178 (1973), 127^138.[Sel-Se8] Z. Sela, Diophantine geometry over groups I-VIII, preprints,www.ma.huji.ac.il/ zlil.
ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 93^103Noneommutative Projective Geometry*J. T. StaffordAbstractThis article describes recent applications of algebraic geometry to noncommutativealgebra. These techniques have been particularly successful indescribing graded algebras of small dimension.2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 14A22, 16P40, 16W50.Keywords and Phrases: Noneommutative projective geometry, Noetheriangraded rings, Deformations, Twisted homogeneous coordinate rings.1. IntroductionIn recent years a surprising number of significant insights and results in noncommutativealgebra have been obtained by using the global techniques of projectivealgebraic geometry. This article will survey some of these results.The classical approach to projective geometry, where one relates a commutativegraded domain C to the associated variety X = Proj C of homogeneous,nonirrelevant prime ideals, does not generalize well to the noneommutative situation,simply because noneommutative algebras do not have enough ideals. However,there is a second approach, based on a classic theorem of Serre: If C is generatedin degree one, then the categories coh(X) of coherent sheaves on X and qgrC offinitely generated graded C-modules modulo torsion are equivalent.Surprisingly, noneommutative analogues of this idea work very well and havelead to a number of deep results. There are two strands to this approach. First,since X can be reconstructed from coh(X) [21] we will regard coh(X) rather thanX as the variety since this is what generalizes. Thus, given a noneommutativegraded fc-algebra R = (J) F, generated in degree one we will consider qgr R as thecorresponding "noneommutative variety" (the formal definitions will be given in amoment). In particular, we will regard qgr F as a noneommutative curve, respectivelysurface, if dim/. Ri grows linearly, respectively quadratically. This analogyworkswell, since there are many situations in which one can pass back and forth*The author is supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant DMS-9801148.^Department of Mathematics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1109, USA.E-mail: jts@umich.edu
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Beijing 2002August 20-28Proceedings
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ContentsSection 1. LogicE. Bouscare
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R. Pandharipande: Three Questions i
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Section 1. LogicE. Bouscaren: Group
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4 E. Bouscaren2. Different notions
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6 E. BouscarenWe now consider an al
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8 E. Bouscarendimension would need
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10 E. Bouscaren1. Either G is not o
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12 E. Bouscaren[7] E. Bouscaren & F
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14 J. Denef F. Loeserthis theory to
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16 J. Denef F. Loeserwill require m
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18 J. Denef F. Loeserseries P P (T)
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20 J. Denef F. Loeserfor all m> n.
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22 J. Denef F. Loeseri > 1. One ver
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 25-33Autom
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Automorphism Groups of Saturated St
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 37-45Repre
Page 41 and 42: 3. The Blanchfield pairingRepresent
Page 43 and 44: Representations of Braid Groups 41n
Page 45 and 46: Representations of Braid Groups 43A
Page 47 and 48: Representations of Braid Groups 45T
Page 49 and 50: 48 A.Bondal D.Orlovis believed to b
Page 51 and 52: 50 A.Bondal D.OrlovDefinition 4 [BK
Page 53 and 54: 52 A.Bondal D.OrlovLet Y be a smoot
Page 55 and 56: 54 A.Bondal D.OrlovIn particular, w
Page 57 and 58: 56 A.Bondal D.Orlov[BVdB] Bondal A.
Page 59 and 60: 58 M. Levine(PB) Let £ be a rank r
Page 61 and 62: 60 M. Levine2. Let 1Z d%m (X) be th
Page 63 and 64: 62 M. LevineNow, if P = P(ci,. •
Page 65 and 66: 64 M. LevineProof. For CH*, this us
Page 67 and 68: 66 M. Levineis an isomorphism. Sinc
Page 69 and 70: 68 Cheryl E. Praegeranalysis. Analo
Page 71 and 72: 70 Cheryl E. Praegers-arc-transitiv
Page 73 and 74: 72 Cheryl E. Praegercase a good kno
Page 75 and 76: 74 Cheryl E. Praeger5. Simple group
Page 77 and 78: 76 Cheryl E. Praeger[15] C. H. Li,
Page 79 and 80: 78 Markus Rost1. Norm varietiesAll
Page 81 and 82: 80 Markus RostWe apply the degree f
Page 83 and 84: 82 Markus Rost4. Hubert's 90 for sy
Page 85 and 86: 84 Markus RostFor n = 2 one can tak
Page 87 and 88: ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 87^92Dioph
Page 89 and 90: Diophantine Geometry over Groups an
Page 91: Diophantine Geometry over Groups an
Page 95 and 96: Noncommutative Projective Geometry
Page 105 and 106: 106 Dimitri Tamarkinalgebra and def
Page 107 and 108: 108 Dimitri TamarkinThe product on
Page 109 and 110: 110 Dimitri TamarkinProof. Let F =
Page 111 and 112: 112 Dimitri Tamarkin2.5.9.Similarly
Page 113 and 114: 114 Dimitri TamarkinComputeJ2,jl(a
Page 115 and 116: 116 Dimitri Tamarkin3.2.1.To descri
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Page 119 and 120: Converse Theorems, Functoriality, a
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Page 129 and 130: Constructing and Counting Number Fi
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Analyse p-adique et Représentation
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Analyse p-adique et Représentation
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 149-162Equ
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Equiv. Bloch-Kato Conjecture and No
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[17;[is;[19;[20;[21[22[23;[24;[25;[
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 163-171Tam
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Tamagawa Number Conjecture for zeta
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174 S. S. Kudlaseries with represen
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t.176 S. S. Kudlais the exponential
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178 S. S. Kudlawhere Z = J2ì n ìP
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180 S. S. Kudla(ii) T £ Sym 2 (Z)>
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182 S. S. KudlaTheorem 6. ([13], [9
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 185-195Ell
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Elliptic Curves and Class Field The
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198 E. UllmoSoit X une variété al
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200 E. UllmoThéorème 2.4 Soit X u
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202 E. UllmoQuestion 4.1 Soit x n =
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204 E. UllmoNotons que cet énoncé
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206 E. Ullmo[17] H. Oh. Uniform Poi
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208 T. D. WooleyWaring's problem as
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210 T. D. Wooleycircumstances one h
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212 T. D. Wooleywith 1 < z,w < F, M
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214 T. D. Wooleyand also byl f \K(a
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216 T. D. Wooleytions involving nor
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Section 4. Differential GeometryB.
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222 B. Andrewspotentially applicabl
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224 B. Andrewssurface can look metr
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226 B. Andrewsboundary of the set {
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228 B. Andrewseach t > 0, to either
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230 B. AndrewsUSSR Izv. 20 (1983).[
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232 Robert Bartnikprovides an impor
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234 Robert BartnikTheorem 2 If (M,
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236 Robert BartnikThe horizon condi
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238 Robert BartnikTheorem 8 Suppose
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240 Robert BartnikPhysics, LNP 212.
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242 P. Biran2. Various intersection
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244 P. BiranTheorem E'. Let (M,oj)
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246 P. Biransymplectic packings in
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248 P. Birangroup of Hamiltonian di
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250 P. Birannumber of steps it take
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252 P. Biranbe used to obtain many
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254 P. Biran[6] P. Biran, A stabili
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 257-271Bla
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Black Holes and the Penrose Inequal
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[23;[24;[25;[26;[27[28;[29'[30^Blac
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274 Xiuxiong ChenFor simplicity, in
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276 Xiuxiong ChenTheorem 0.1. [14]
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278 Xiuxiong ChenQuestion 0.6. (Don
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280 Xiuxiong Chencurvature in S 2 c
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282 Xiuxiong Chen[12] X. X. Chen an
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284 Weiyue DingSehrödinger flows a
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286 Weiyue DingIn order to prove Th
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288 Weiyue DingFor the first term i
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290 Weiyue Dingwhich satisfies the
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 293^302Dif
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Differential Geometry via Harmonic
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then eitherorDifferential Geometry
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 303-313Ind
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Index Iteration Theory for Symplect
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316 Anton PetruninTheorem A. Given
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318 Anton PetruninRiemannian manifo
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320 Anton Petruninspace. In the cas
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 323-338Col
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Collapsed Riemannian Manifolds with
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 339-349Com
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Complex Hyperbolic Triangle Groups
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352 Paul Seideldeformation spaces.
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354 Paul Seidelforgetting all the p
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356 Paul SeidelTheorem 3. Si,...,S
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358 Paul Seidelwhich must be of ord
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360 Paul Seidel[10] E. Getzler, Bat
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362 Weiping Zhang(iii) The heat ker
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364 Weiping Zhang3. The index theor
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366 Weiping Zhangwhere ch(g) is the
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- T p ( P d M , > 0 , 9 P d M , > 0
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Section 5. TopologyMladen Bestvina:
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374 Mladen Bestvinaof Out(F n ) coc
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376 Mladen Bestvina3. Culler-Vogtma
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378 Mladen BestvinaDefinition 8. A
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380 Mladen Bestvinaand then gluing
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382 Mladen BestvinaAnal. 10 (2000),
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384 Mladen Bestvina63 John R. Stall
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386 Yu. V. Chekanovplu I,Figure 1:
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388 Yu. V. Chekanovwithout loss of
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390 Yu. V. ChekanovFigure 2: Lagran
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392 Yu. V. ChekanovFigure 5: Local
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394 Yu. V. Chekanovderived from the
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396 M. Furatadimensional vector spa
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398 M. FurataHowever in the Seiberg
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400 M. Furata6. Seiberg-Witten-Floe
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402 M. Furata[14] K. Fukaya & K. On
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 405-114Gé
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Géométrie de Contact 407- la sph
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Géométrie de Contact 4093) chaque
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412 E. Giroux- en tout point p où
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414 E. Giroux[EU] Y. ELIASHBERG, Cl
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416 L. Hesselholt1. Algebraic üC-t
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418 L. Hesselholt(i) a pro-log diff
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420 L. HesselholtThe canonical map
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422 L. Hesselholttogether with a mu
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424 L. Hesselholtwhere \'- GK —^
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 427-436Sym
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Symplectic Sums and Gromov-Witten I
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 437-146Kno
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Knots, von Neumann Signatures, and
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 447-156Str
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Strings and the Stable Cohomology o
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 457-168Non
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Non-zero Degree Maps between 3-Mani
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Section 6. Algebraic and Complex Ge
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472 Hélène Esnaultto ^klX)/k carr
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474 Hélène Esnaultf*c 2 (E, V) is
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476 Hélène EsnaultTheorem 3.1 ([5
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478 Hélène Esnaultno longer the c
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480 Hélène EsnaultQuestion 5.4. W
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 483-494Hil
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Hilbert Schemes of Points on Surfac
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and use this to define operatorsHil
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 495-502Vec
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Vector Bundles on a K3 Surface 497s
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Vector Bundles on a K3 Surface 499A
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Vector Bundles on a K3 Surface 501a
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 503-512Thr
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Three Questions in Gromov-Witten Th
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 513^524Upd
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Update on 3-folds 515in the hyperbo
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Update on 3-folds 517In many contex
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Update on 3-folds 5193.3. Explicit
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Update on 3-folds 521The modem view
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Update on 3-folds 523is entertainin
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 525-532Sur
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Sur les Algèbres Vertex Attachées
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 533-541Top
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Topology of Singular Algebraic Vari
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 545-554Har
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Harmonie Analysis on Real Reductive
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[BS3][BS4][Be]Harmonie Analysis on
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 555-570On
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On the Dynamical Yang-Baxter Equati
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 571-582Geo
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Geometrie Langlands Correspondence
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ICM 2002 • Vol. II • 583-597On
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On the Local Langlands Corresponden
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600 A. KlyachkoAmong commonly known
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602 A. KlyachkoBy Theorem 2.3 this
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604 A. Klyachkois stable iff for ev
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606 A. KlyachkoUnitary spectral pro
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608 A. Klyachkospectra. By Metha-Se
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610 A. KlyachkoAgain our experience
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612 A. Klyachko[9] G. Faltings, Mum
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ICAl 2002 • Vol. II • 615-627Br
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Branching Problems of Unitary Repre
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630 Vikram Bhagvandas AlehtaDefinit
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632 Vikram Bhagvandas Alehtais in t
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634 Vikram Bhagvandas AlehtaTheorem
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ICAl 2002 • Vol. II • 637^642Cl
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Clifford Algebras and the Duflo Iso
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Clifford Algebras and the Duflo Iso
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ICAl 2002 • Vol. II • 643^654Re
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Representations of Yangians 6451.2.
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Representations of Yangians 6478 9
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Representations of Yangians 6492. T
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Representations of Yangians 651irre
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Representations of Yangians 6532.4.
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ICAl 2002 • Vol. II • 655-666Au
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Automorphic L-functions and Functor
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ICAl 2002 • Vol. II • 667^677Mo
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Modular Representations 669(l.b.2)
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Modular Representations 671e) Any p
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Modular Representations 673conjugac
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Modular Representations 675A genera
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Modular Representations 677^-repres
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ICAl 2002 • Vol. II • 681-690Va
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Value Distribution and Potential Th
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ICAl 2002 • Vol. II • 691-700Th
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The Branch Set of a Quasiregular Al
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ICAl 2002 • Vol. II • 701-709Ha
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Harmonie Aleasure and "Locally Flat
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712 N. Lerner1. From Hans Lewy to N
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714 N. Lernergood cases in (1.5) (w
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716 N. Lerner2. Counting the loss o
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718 N. LernerSolvability with loss
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720 N. Lerner6] L.Hörmander, On th
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722 C. ThieleA basic point of singu
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724 C. ThieleFigure 1: "Cone"< en I
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726 C. Thieleis negative. If all of
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728 C. Thielealso in these degenera
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730 C. ThieleThus he needed good co
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732 C. Thiele[6] Gilbert J., Nahmod
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I p : — \ J ( Z i , . . . , Z m )
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736 S. ZelditchTheorem 1 [2] The pa
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738 S. Zelditchfor U C
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740 S. Zelditch[Pi,Pj] = 0 and whos
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742 S. Zelditch[11] V. F. Lazutkin,
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744 Xiangyu Zhou+00 at the boundary
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746 Xiangyu Zhouconnected component
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748 Xiangyu ZhouWightman [32], Jost
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750 Xiangyu ZhouBrief proof is as f
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752 Xiangyu Zhou[11] Al. Jarnicki,
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Section 9. Operator Algebras andFun
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758 Semyon Alesker0.1.1 Definition,
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760 Semyon Alesker2. Translation in
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762 Semyon Alesker2.3. Valuations i
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764 Semyon AleskerReferences[1] Ale
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766 P. Bianewith classical cumulant
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768 P. BianeObserve thatr(ai ... a
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770 P. Biane4. Noncrossing cumulant
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772 P. Bianethis gives the order of
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774 P. Biane[20] R. Speicher, Combi
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776 D. Bischsubfactors has develope
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778 D. Bisch(for all k > 0), where
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780 D. BischObserve that by constru
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782 D. BischIt should be evident th
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784 D. Bisch[4] D. Bisch, Bimodules
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ICAl 2002 • Vol. II • 787^794Fr
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Free Probability, Free Entropy and
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ICAl 2002 • Vol. II • 795^812Ba
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Banach KK-theory and the Baum-Conne
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ICAl 2002 • Vol. II • 813-822On
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On Some Inequalities for Gaussian A
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Author IndexAlesker, Semyon 757Andr
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