Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

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Distributed Power Control and Rate Adaptation 249impact of OH introduced by the proposed MAC protocol appears to benegligible.6.5.6 NS-2 ImplementationThe NS-2 simulator was used for evaluating the proposed DPC scheme.The modifications made to incorporate the proposed DPC algorithm andprotocol development, mainly focus on two layers of 802.11: Physical layer— modified to collect necessary data, for example interference; andMedium Access Control (MAC) layer — modified to implement the DPCalgorithm and protocol. Furthermore, floating-point variables are used forcommunicating the power values.The standard 802.11 and the proposed MAC protocols are evaluatedunder similar channel conditions, identical node placements, nodemovement and data flows (type, rate, start time, source, destination,etc.), and SIR thresholds, with a deterministic propagation model. Thepath loss effect is calculated as in Propagation/Shadowing object from NS-2simulator. Additionally, shadowing and Rayleigh fading effects havebeen implemented. The calculations use the model from Equation 6.3and store effects in sample files. This ensures that the channel uncertaintiesfor the simulations are the same for all protocols. Figure 6.5illustrates an example of such attenuation. The simulations wererepeated for a number of different, randomly generated scenarios, andthe results were averaged.−60Channel attenuation (120m)Path loss, shadowing and Rayleigh faddingPower attenuation [db]−65−70−75−80−850 20 40 60 80 100Time (s)FIGURE 6.5Power attenuation.
250 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks6.6 Simulation ParametersThe AODV routing protocol with 2-Mbps radio channel rate was used.The random topology is used to evaluate the schemes. The maximumpower used for the 802.11 and proposed DPC is equal to 0.2818 W. Theproposed DPC should maintain a target SIR of 10, which is 2.5 timeshigher than the minimum SIR for error-free reception that is equal to 4(~6 db), as in Singh and Raghavendra (1998). The target SIR is increasedto overcome a possible change in channel condition between the timewhen the power was calculated and the time when this power is used.For the proposed DPC, the design parameters are selected as Kv = 0.01,and = 0.01. The power safety factor in the case of retransmissions is setto 1.5 for the proposed DPC scheme.The random topology consists of a 1000 × 1000 m square area with 100nodes placed at random. Node mobility is also randomly generated witha maximum speed of 3 m/sec and with 2-sec pauses between the moves.The simulations are executed for 50 sec. CBR traffic is used for 50 flows,starting randomly during the first 2 sec. Each data flow generates steadytraffic using 512-B-long packets. The results were averaged over simulationtrials using different fading effects, node placement, and movement.The simulations were executed by varying the per flow rates. The radiochannel with 2-Mbps bandwidth was used.In the random topology scenario, each flow can use different numberof hops (miniflows) between the source and the destination pairs. Thiscan lead to different end-to-end throughput depending on number ofhops used in a particular scenario (determined by node placement).Hence, the miniflow transmissions were used instead of end-to-endtransmissions.The total data transmitted for all miniflows is presented in Figure 6.6.Compared to the 802.11, the proposed DPC transmits more data regardlessof traffic flow rate, because the higher utilization is achieved for theproposed protocol, as explained in Section 6.3. Similarly, the proposedprotocol outperforms the 802.11 protocols in terms of energy efficiency,as shown in Figure 6.7, indicating lower energy consumption than 802.11.Regardless of the traffic load, the proposed protocol allows transmissionof more data per joule when compared to 802.11. Higher energy efficiencyof the proposed protocol is a result of transmission power control scheme,which selects a more suitable power value needed for correct decodingof the frames. Additionally, the proposed protocol consumes energy moreefficiently in case of congestion, because it performs better in terms ofthroughput when compared to the 802.11.
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Wireless Ad Hocand SensorNetworksPr
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18. Chaos in Automatic Control, edi
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CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000
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Table of Contents1 Background on Ne
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3 Congestion Control in ATM Network
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5.4.2 Distributed Power Controller
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7.3 Adaptive and Distributed Fair S
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9.2.2 Overview.....................
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the number of connections in each l
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y Maheswaran Thiagarajan, and tirel
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2 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networ
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10 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netwo
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2BackgroundIn this chapter, we prov
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Background 51u(k)x n (k + 1)x n (k)
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Background 53with x( 0)being the in
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Background 55with tr(.) the matrix
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Background 57nGiven a function ft (
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Background 592.3.2 Lyapunov Stabili
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Background 61as well as Jagannathan
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Background 63The subsequent example
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Background 65Evaluating this along
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Background 67Now, select the feedba
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Background 69is SISL if and only if
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Background 71L 1 (x)L(x, t)L 0 (x)0
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Background 73for some R > 0 such th
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Background 75Evaluating the first d
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Background 77Section 2.4Problem 2.4
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100 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netw
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4Admission Controller Design for Hi
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Admission Controller Design for Hig
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7Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wir
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Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wire
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8Optimized Energy and Delay-Based R
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Optimized Energy and Delay-Based Ro
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9Predictive Congestion Control for
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Predictive Congestion Control for W
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10Adaptive and Probabilistic Power
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Adaptive and Probabilistic Power Co
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