Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

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8Optimized Energy and Delay-Based Routingin Wireless Ad hoc and Sensor NetworksIn the last chapter, the development and implementation of the distributedand fair scheduling scheme for wireless ad hoc and sensor networks tomeet certain quality of service (QoS) performance requirements waspresented. Implementation aspects were also covered. In this chapter, anoptimized energy-delay routing (OEDR) protocol for ad hoc wireless networksfrom Regatte and Jagannathan (2005) is presented first, where theproduct of the transmission energy and end-to-end (E2E) delay-link costsbetween any two nodes is utilized to determine a least-cost routing path.The OEDR uses the concept of multipoint relays (MPRs) (Qayyum et al.2002) similar to the optimized link state routing (OLSR) protocol (Jacquetet al. 2001, Clausen and Jacquet 2003). However, in OEDR, the HELLOcontrol messages are used to determine the transmission energy and delayvalues between a given node and its neighbors, in addition to performingneighbor sensing. The energy-delay product of these values is consideredas the link cost, and this information is relayed by the MPR nodes to othernodes in the network, using topology control (TC) messages.The OEDR minimizes the energy-delay product which, in turn, minimizesthe transmission energy and delay between any two nodes on theroute, thus guaranteeing optimal cost, in contrast with OLSR (Clausenand Jacquet 2003). The remaining energy available at the nodes is usedto select the MPR nodes and to compute the optimal routes using theminimum-cost spanning tree algorithm. Analytical results are presentedto demonstrate the performance of the proposed OEDR protocol in MPRselection and optimal route computation. Network simulator (NS-2) (Falland Varadhan 2002) results demonstrate that the OEDR protocol leads toa minimum delay, better throughput/delay, and a smaller energy-delayproduct over OLSR and AODV protocols.Subsequently, an optimized energy-delay subnetwork routing (OEDSR)protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSN) is presented from Ratnarajet al. (2006) based on the OEDR protocol. This on-demand routing protocolminimizes a different link cost factor, which is defined using available357
358 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networksenergy, E2E delay, and distance from a node to the base station (BS), alongwith clustering, to effectively route information to the BS. Initially, thenodes are either in idle or sleep mode, but once an event is detected, thenodes near the event become active and start forming subnetworks. Formationof the inactive network into a subnetwork saves energy becauseonly a portion of the network is active in response to an event. Later, thesubnetworks organize themselves into clusters and elect cluster heads(CHs) in the subnetwork portion whereas relay nodes (RNs) are selectedoutside the subnetworks.The data from the CHs are sent to the BS via RNs that are located outsidethe subnetworks in a multihop manner. This routing protocol improvesthe lifetime of the network and the scalability. This routing protocol isimplemented in the medium access control (MAC) layer using UMRnodes. Simulation and experimental results indicate that the OEDSR protocolresults in lower average E2E delay, fewer collisions, and less energyconsumed when compared with the DSR, AODV, and Bellman Ford routingprotocols.8.1 Routing in Ad hoc Wireless NetworksWireless Ad hoc and sensor networks have gained great importance in recentyears due to an unprecedented growth in wireless communication technologiesand with the advent of the IEEE 802.11 standards. An ad hoc networkis a group of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming a temporary networkwithout any fixed infrastructure or centralized administration.A routing protocol is used to determine an appropriate path over whichdata is transmitted in a network. It also specifies how the network nodesshare information with each other and report changes in the topology.Moreover, the decisions of the routing protocol have to be dynamic, inresponse to changes in network topology. Thus, the route selection processgreatly affects the overall network performance, defined using E2E delay,throughput, and network energy efficiency. Therefore, routing is a criticalissue in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks, where data is transmittedgenerally over multihop paths.The challenges involved in developing a routing protocol for mobile adhoc and sensor networks are very different and more complex than thoseof static wired networks. The routing protocol should be capable of rapidlyadapting to link failures and topology changes caused by node movements.Therefore, the routing protocol should work in a distributedmanner with self-organizing capability. The goal of the routing protocolis to compute the optimal path between any source–destination pair withminimal control traffic overhead. This should be achieved within the
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18. Chaos in Automatic Control, edi
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CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000
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Table of Contents1 Background on Ne
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3 Congestion Control in ATM Network
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5.4.2 Distributed Power Controller
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7.3 Adaptive and Distributed Fair S
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9.2.2 Overview.....................
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the number of connections in each l
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y Maheswaran Thiagarajan, and tirel
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10 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netwo
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2BackgroundIn this chapter, we prov
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Background 51u(k)x n (k + 1)x n (k)
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Background 53with x( 0)being the in
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Background 55with tr(.) the matrix
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Background 57nGiven a function ft (
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Background 592.3.2 Lyapunov Stabili
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Background 61as well as Jagannathan
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Background 63The subsequent example
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Background 65Evaluating this along
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Background 67Now, select the feedba
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Background 69is SISL if and only if
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Background 71L 1 (x)L(x, t)L 0 (x)0
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Background 73for some R > 0 such th
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Background 75Evaluating the first d
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Background 77Section 2.4Problem 2.4
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4Admission Controller Design for Hi
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7Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wir
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Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wire
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9Predictive Congestion Control for
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Predictive Congestion Control for W
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10Adaptive and Probabilistic Power
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Adaptive and Probabilistic Power Co
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