Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

424 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networksavailable bandwidth. Moreover, it also uses the concept of MPR nodes tominimize the overhead of flooding messages in the network and thenumber of links to be declared. The MPR selection and the routing tablecalculation are performed based on the energy-delay costs of the linksusing a minimum-cost spanning tree algorithm.The performance of the proposed OEDR protocol is presented andanalyzed. The effectiveness of our proposed OEDR protocol was evaluated,using the NS2. The results show that the proposed protocol canachieve smaller delay and better throughput/delay metric. Moreover, theprotocol also results in smaller energy-per-packet and delay product,compared to the OLSR and AODV protocols. Therefore, the proposedOEDR protocol reduces the delay and improves the overall energy-delayefficiency of the network.Next, the OEDSR protocol for WSN is presented. The objective was todevelop a fully distributed routing protocol that finds the optimal routesbased on energy-delay and distance metric, which is used as the link_cost_factor. It could be observed from the results that the path taken from theCH to the BS using the OEDSR is free from loops; it also ensures that theselected route is both energy efficient and has the least E2E delay. Additionally,the lifetime of the network is maximized because the availableenergy is taken into account while selecting nodes to form a route. Moreover,when a node loses more energy, a different path is computed. Clustersare formed only in the subnetwork portion of the network, whereasthe rest of the network is treated as an ad hoc network. Because CH isusually used to route data in a sensor network, the RNs are viewed asCHs in the case of an ad hoc network.The performance of the OEDSR protocol is presented and discussed.The effectiveness of the proposed OEDSR protocol was evaluated usingthe GloMoSim network simulator. The results show that the proposedprotocol achieves smaller average E2E delay, and lower energy consumptionwhen compared with Bellman Ford, DSR, and AODV protocols. TheOEDSR protocol also performs better than OEDR even with node mobilityfor all the performance metrics mentioned earlier.In this chapter, the hardware implementation is also shown for theOEDSR WSN protocol. The objective was to develop a fully distributedrouting protocol that provides optimal routing. The route selection isbased on a metric given by the ratio of energy available and delay multipliedwith distance, which is used as the link cost factor.The OEDSR protocol computes the energy available and average E2Edelay values of the links, and this information along with the distancefrom the BS, determines the best RN. While ensuring that the path fromthe CH to the BS is free from loops, it also ensures that the selected routeis both energy efficient and has the least E2E delay. Additionally, thelifetime of the network is maximized because the energy is taken into