Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

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Optimized Energy and Delay-Based Routing 425account while selecting nodes from a route. Due to the energy level beingconsidered in the routing protocol, there is also a balancing of energyconsumption across the network.Implementation of the OEDSR protocol was shown using the G4-SSNand ISN hardware at UMR. The protocol was shown to provide suitabletraffic rates and short E2E delays. Drop rate and E2E delay are dependenton the packet size that is being transmitted. Drop rate increases and E2Edelay decreases as the packet size decreases. A decrease in E2E delay isexpected due to the larger number of packets required to send the sameinformation; however, higher traffic volume also increases the probabilityof packet collisions on the channel and increases overhead.A series of tests taking a nominal of four hops were performed to showthe capabilities of the OEDSR routing protocol to provide the neededthroughput on the network with dynamic routing capabilities. An averagethroughput of approximately 1 kbps and an E2E delay of 0.7 sec areobserved for a nominal route.In reference to implementation, several issues were confronted. First,the issue of hardware capabilities is of concern. Selection of hardwaremust consider the complexity and memory footprint of an algorithm.The constraints of the 8-bit hardware became known during implementationof the OEDSR protocol. For example, the ISN nodes were designedto minimize the physical size of the node and reduce energy consumption.However, the selected processor does not have enough RAM tosupport the OEDSR routing. Therefore, minimum hardware requirementsin terms of memory size, processing power, energy consumption,physical size, and the corresponding tradeoffs have to be explored beforethe particular protocol is targeted and implemented. Additionally, thelimitations of the off-the-shelf radio modules are limiting current capabilitiesof the proposed solution. In particular, the 38.4-kbps limit on theinterface to the 802.15.4 module reduces the overall throughput andincreases delay at each hop, when compared to theoretical 802.15.4capabilities.ReferencesChee-Yee, C. and Kumar, S.P., Sensor networks: evolution, opportunities, and challenges,Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 91, No. 8, August 2003, pp. 1247–1256.Clausen, T. and Jacquet, P., Optimized link state routing protocol, IETF MANETWorking Group, Internet Draft, draft-ietf-manet-olsr-11.txt, July 2003.Esler, M., Hightower, J., Anderson, T., and Borriello, G., Next century challenges:data-centric networking for invisible computing: The Portolano Project at theUniversity of Washington, MobiCom ’99, Seattle, WA, August 1999, pp. 15–20.
426 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor NetworksFall, K. and Varadhan, K., ns Notes and Documentation, Technical report UCBerkley LBNL USC/IS Xerox PARC, 2002.Fonda, J., Zawodniok, M., Jagannathan, S., and Watkins, S.E., Development andimplementation of optimal energy delay routing protocol in wireless sensornetworks, Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Intelligent Control, to appearin October 2006.Ford, L. and Fulkerson, D., Flows in Networks, Princeton University Press, Princeton,NJ, 1962.Garcia-Luna Aceves, J.J. and Spohn, M., Source-tree routing in wireless networks,Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Network Protocols, ICNP '99,November 1999, pp. 273–282.Global Mobile Information Systems Simulation Library, http://pcl.cs.ucla.edu/projects/glomosim/.He, T., Stankovic, J.A., Lu, C., and Abdulzaher, T., SPEED: a stateless protocol forreal-time communication in sensor networks, Proceedings of InternationalConference on Distributed Computing Systems, May 2003, pp. 46–55.Heinzelman, W.R., Chandrakasan, A., and Balakrishnan, H., Energy-efficient communicationprotocol for wireless microsensor networks, IEEE Transactionson Wireless Communication, 660–670, October 2002.Heinzelman, W.R., Kulik, J., and Balakrishnan, H., Adaptive protocol for informationdissemination in wireless sensor networks, Proceedings of the FifthAnnual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking(MobiCom), August 1999, pp. 174–185.Hill, J., Szewczyk, R., Woo, A., Hollar, S., Culler, D., and Pister, K., Systemarchitecture directions for networked sensors, Proceedings ASPLOS, 2000,pp. 93–104.Intanagonwiwat, C., Govindan, R., Estrin, D., Heidemann, J., and Silva, F., Directeddiffusion for wireless sensor networking, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,2–16, February 2003.Jacquet, P., Muhlethaler, P., Clausen, T., Laouiti, A., Qayyum, A., and Viennot, L.,Optimized link state routing protocol for ad hoc networks, Proceedings of theIEEE International Multi Topic Conference on Technology for the 21st Century,December 2001, pp. 62–68.Jain, R., The Art Of Computer Systems Performance Analysis: Techniques for ExperimentalDesign, Measurement, Simulation, and Modeling, John Wiley & Sons,New York, April 1991.Johnson, D., Maltz, D., and Hu, Y., The dynamic source routing protocol for mobilead hoc networks (DSR), IETF MANET Working Group, Internet Draft, draftietf-manet-dsr-09.txt,April 2003.Lindsey, S. and Raghavendra, C., PEGASIS: power-efficient gathering in sensorinformation systems, Proceedings of the IEEE Aerospace Conference, 2002,pp. 1125–1130.Luo, H., Ye, F., Cheng, J., Lu, S., and Zhang, L., TTDD: a two-tier data disseminationmodel for large-scale wireless sensor networks, Proceedings of InternationalConference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom), September2002, pp. 148–159.
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18. Chaos in Automatic Control, edi
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CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000
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Table of Contents1 Background on Ne
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3 Congestion Control in ATM Network
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5.4.2 Distributed Power Controller
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7.3 Adaptive and Distributed Fair S
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9.2.2 Overview.....................
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the number of connections in each l
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y Maheswaran Thiagarajan, and tirel
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2 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networ
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10 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netwo
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2BackgroundIn this chapter, we prov
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Background 51u(k)x n (k + 1)x n (k)
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Background 53with x( 0)being the in
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Background 55with tr(.) the matrix
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Background 57nGiven a function ft (
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Background 592.3.2 Lyapunov Stabili
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Background 61as well as Jagannathan
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Background 63The subsequent example
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Background 65Evaluating this along
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Background 67Now, select the feedba
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Background 69is SISL if and only if
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Background 71L 1 (x)L(x, t)L 0 (x)0
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Background 73for some R > 0 such th
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Background 75Evaluating the first d
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Background 77Section 2.4Problem 2.4
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100 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netw
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4Admission Controller Design for Hi
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7Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wir
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8Optimized Energy and Delay-Based R
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