Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

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Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks 335TABLE 7.1G4-SSN CapabilitiesIc @ 3.3V[mA]FlashMemory[bytes]RAM[bytes]ADC SamplingRate [kHz] Form-Factor MIPSG4-SSN 35 128k 8448 100 @ 10/12-bit 100-pin LQFP 100The former include strain gauges, accelerometers, thermocouples, andgeneral A/D sensing. The latter include analog filtering, compact flash (CF)memory interfacing, and 8-bit data processing at a maximum of 100 MIPS.7.5.3 G4-SSN CapabilitiesThe abilities of the UMR and SLU motes nodes are shown in Table 7.1.As seen in the table, the G4-SSN provides powerful 8-bit processing, asuitable amount of RAM, and a low-power small form-factor. Anotherstrong point of the G4-SSN is the available code space found on the SiliconLaboratories C8051F12x variant.ADFS requires that the sensor nodes are synchronized. For this reason,a test was performed on the G4-SSN real-time clock (RTC) capabilities.Experimentation consisted of a statistical analysis of the RTC accuracy.Extended use of the RTC without resynchronization can cause drift tooccur, and this drift must be quantified to provide a confidence measureof the RTC. A 32.768-kHz quartz crystal is used to feed a timer on the8051 and is used at the time-base of the RTC. The RTC was allowed torun for 10 min, and the results are tabulated in Table 7.2.As seen in Table 7.2, the RTC has a drift error of around a ∫ sec over 10min; this translates to 3.5 sec/h. In the context of this application, this driftis acceptable as the RTC will be synchronized with the BS every 30 sec.7.5.4 Hardware ResultsIn this section, hardware implementation results are shown. Using the802.15.4 standard with 250kbps RF data bandwidth, the scheduling algorithmTABLE 7.2G4-SSN RTC Drift Testing ResultsTest Time[min]t[sec]Variance[µ-sec]Mean[sec]STD[sec]Error[sec]10 0.05 50.45 0.0504 0.007 0.515
336 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networksis tested. CBR traffic is generated on the source nodes and is routed to theBS via OEDSR (Ratnaraj et al. 2006). The nodes internally provide 38.4kbps throughput to the 802.15.4 module. There is no data aggregation, ordata fusion, performed yet in the network because the considered applicationrequires data from independent locations, whereas the proposedscenario is a good test for queuing schemes for testing fairness. Due tohardware limitations of the 802.15.4 module, interfacing the back off intervaltime slots are constrained to a minimum of 15 msec. This limits theoverall performance of the implementation; however, the issue can beaddressed in future work using the Chipcon CC2420.Testing of the hardware implementation is now discussed. The resultswere obtained by use of a star topology with five source nodes and asingle CH. CBR traffic is generated at each source node, and the initialweight of each flow is equal to 1/5 and a value of = 0.4, and = 0.6. Otherparameters include SF = 0.032 and the packet length of maximum 100bytes with an 88-byte data payload. During testing, the BS is used torecord network activity for analysis. Performance of the ADFS implementationis evaluated using the exponential back off scheme and drop-tailqueuing. A comparison of these two methods shows the performanceincrease in the ADFS enabled network.The ADFS scheduling scheme takes into account the weight of the packetsand proportionally allocates bandwidth to the flows. In contrast, the networkswithout ADFS functionality lack the ability to differentiate QoS inthis manner. Thus, poor fairness is observed in networks without ADFS.In Table 7.3, the results for throughput and FI are shown. In case ofADFS implementation, the throughput is higher for every flow becauseit is able to maintain a steady and proportional traffic, thus reducing bufferoverflows. The reference scheme is not able to distribute the availablebandwidth proportionally to all flows; thus, the buffer overflows occurmore often than in case of ADFS protocol. Overall, the ADFS networkachieves a 13.3% increase in the throughput over the first-in-first-out(FIFO) queued scheme.Moreover, a larger FI value is observed for the ADFS implementationthan for the reference scheme. The ADFS scheme allocates the resourcesproportionally to the packet weight, thus adapting to a changing channeland network state.TABLE 7.3Throughput and Fairness Comparison ResultsFlow 1[kB/sec]Flow 2[kB/sec]Flow 3[kB/sec]Flow 4[kB/sec]Flow 5[kB/sec] Overall FIADFS 88.8 85.1 84.7 81.7 81.0 84.3 0. 9989FIFO 83.8 67.7 76.7 68.7 75.3 74.4 0. 9938
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18. Chaos in Automatic Control, edi
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CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000
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Table of Contents1 Background on Ne
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3 Congestion Control in ATM Network
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5.4.2 Distributed Power Controller
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7.3 Adaptive and Distributed Fair S
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9.2.2 Overview.....................
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the number of connections in each l
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y Maheswaran Thiagarajan, and tirel
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2 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networ
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10 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netwo
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2BackgroundIn this chapter, we prov
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Background 51u(k)x n (k + 1)x n (k)
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Background 53with x( 0)being the in
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Background 55with tr(.) the matrix
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Background 57nGiven a function ft (
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Background 592.3.2 Lyapunov Stabili
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Background 61as well as Jagannathan
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Background 63The subsequent example
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Background 65Evaluating this along
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Background 67Now, select the feedba
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Background 69is SISL if and only if
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Background 71L 1 (x)L(x, t)L 0 (x)0
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Background 73for some R > 0 such th
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Background 75Evaluating the first d
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Background 77Section 2.4Problem 2.4
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100 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netw
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4Admission Controller Design for Hi
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Admission Controller Design for Hig
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9Predictive Congestion Control for
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Predictive Congestion Control for W
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10Adaptive and Probabilistic Power
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Adaptive and Probabilistic Power Co
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