Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

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Optimized Energy and Delay-Based Routing 389CH A4856AB1485 BS26C37(a)9FIGURE 8.20 (a)Steps to select a relay node: (a) A, B, C are the CHs and 1, 2, 3, …, and 9 are the node IDs.In the first step, CH A sends out HELLO packets to all the nodes that are in range andreceives RESPONSE packets. CH A first checks if its distance from the BS is greater thannode 4, 8, 5, and 6. If it is, then a list is created with the information of all nodes that are inrange with CH A.In the OEDSR protocol, routes are selected, based on the bestlink_cost_ factor of all nodes in range to the CH or a relay node. Initially,a CH broadcasts HELLO packets to all the nodes that are in range andreceives RESPONSE packets from all the relay candidates that are in thecommunication range as shown in Figure 8.20a. The RESPONSE packetscontain information such as the node ID, energy available, average E2Edelay, and distance to the BS. After receiving RESPONSE packets, CHneglects those nodes whose distances to the BS are greater than the distancefrom the CH to the BS. This ensures that the route does not take alonger or cyclic path to the BS. If the RESPONSE packet is received fromthe BS, then it is selected as a next hop node, thus ending the routediscovery procedure. Otherwise, the CH broadcasts a HELLO packet tothe next CH in the subnetwork with the list of candidate RNs.Once the next in-sequence CH receives the HELLO packet, it checkswhether it is in communication range with any of the listed nodes or not.Then it creates a new list of candidate RNs. The same procedure is carriedout for all the CH. Finally, if more than two nodes are selected as candidateRNs, the node with the highest link_cost_ factor is selected as the RN.Selection of RNs is illustrated in Figure 8.20b and Figure 8.20c. If a CHdoes not have a common RN, then it sets up a separate route using thelink_cost_ factor to the BS such that it is optimal from the CH. Figure 8.20dshows the route for the remaining CHs, determined in the same way asexplained previously.The advantage of using this routing method is that it reduces the numberof RNs that have to forward data in the network, and hence the schemereduces overhead, number of hops, and communication among nodes to
390 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor NetworksCH A4856CH A4856CH B56ABC1237(b)465 BS98CH A4856CH B56CH A4856CH B56CH C6ABC1237465 BS98(c)FIGURE 8.20 (b c)(b) In the second step, CH A sends the information it received, to CH B. CH B sends outHELLO packets to all the nodes that are in range with CH A, and checks if it is in rangewith any of the nodes. In this case, CH B is in range with node 6 and node 5, which are thecommon relay nodes for both CH B and CH A. Now, a new list with this information isavailable to CH B. (c) The list CH B created is sent to CH C. The same procedure of findingcommon relay node is carried out. Here, node 6 is selected as the relay node. By doing this,minimum numbers of nodes are selected as relay nodes and fewer paths are taken to the BS.overcome flooding. Additionally, clusters are not formed outside the subnetworks.The next section presents the relay-node selection algorithm.8.8.2 Relay-Node Selection Algorithm1. The candidate RNs from a CH are identified by sending HELLOpackets and receiving RESPONSE packets, as shown inFigure 8.21.2. The distances from all the nodes to the BS are compared. If thedistance from the node to the BS is greater than the distance fromthe CH to the BS, then that node is not selected as a candidate relay
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Wireless Ad Hocand SensorNetworksPr
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18. Chaos in Automatic Control, edi
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CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000
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Table of Contents1 Background on Ne
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3 Congestion Control in ATM Network
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5.4.2 Distributed Power Controller
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7.3 Adaptive and Distributed Fair S
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9.2.2 Overview.....................
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the number of connections in each l
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y Maheswaran Thiagarajan, and tirel
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2 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networ
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10 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netwo
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2BackgroundIn this chapter, we prov
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Background 51u(k)x n (k + 1)x n (k)
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Background 53with x( 0)being the in
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Background 55with tr(.) the matrix
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Background 57nGiven a function ft (
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Background 592.3.2 Lyapunov Stabili
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Background 61as well as Jagannathan
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Background 63The subsequent example
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Background 65Evaluating this along
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Background 67Now, select the feedba
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Background 69is SISL if and only if
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Background 71L 1 (x)L(x, t)L 0 (x)0
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Background 73for some R > 0 such th
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Background 75Evaluating the first d
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Background 77Section 2.4Problem 2.4
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100 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netw
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4Admission Controller Design for Hi
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Admission Controller Design for Hig
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7Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wir
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Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wire
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Predictive Congestion Control for W
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10Adaptive and Probabilistic Power
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Adaptive and Probabilistic Power Co
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