Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

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Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks 343arrive during listening period – 0 (packet can be sent immediately) –, andaverage delay when packets arrive during sleep period is equal to half ofT sleep = T SMAC /2 (average for [T/2, 0>).In the case of the energy-aware protocol, the average sleep delay for agiven sensor is given byD = T /2sleep newNEW(7.85)where T NEW is the time interval between communications. Packets arrivingat the CH have to wait for the next communication event. Hence, on anaverage it will be equal to the half of the communication interval.The energy consumption can be compared, when other parameters ofthe protocols are held the same in both the cases. Hence, the delay shouldto be equal in both cases. From Equation 7.84 and Equation 7.85 thiscondition implies thatTNEW= T /4SMAC(7.86)Energy expended during communication per sleep cycle for SMACprotocol is equal toESMAC = ELISTEN ∗ TSMAC/2(7.87)where E LISTEN is power consumed by node while listening to radioresources, and T SMAC is the duration of the sleep cycle. For the proposedprotocol, the energy consumption is equal toE = 4∗E ∗TNEW TRANS TRANS(7.88)where E TRANS is the power consumed during communication with a CH,and T TRANS is a duration of this communication. Then, the relative savingof Equation 7.88 when compared to Equation 7.87 is equal to8 ETRANSTSaving = ∗ ∗E ∗TLISTENTRANSSMAC(7.89)Using some typical values: E TRANS = 2 * E LISTEN ; T SMAC = 600 msec; andT TRANS = 1 msec, the energy saving ratio is equal to 0.02666. In other words,the energy-aware protocol consumes 1/0.0266 = 37.5 times less energythan SMAC because of its new sleep-mode option. Similarly, energy savingscan be calculated between the energy-aware and other availableprotocols.
344 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor NetworksSchedulingDPCSleep modeFIGURE 7.21Overview of energy-aware scheme.7.6.2 ADFC with Sleep ModeThe proposed algorithm consists of three main items:1. Fair scheduling algorithm from Section 7.32. Distributed power control (DPC) algorithm from Chapter 53. Novel sleep modeFigure 7.21 presents general overview of interactions between thesecomponents.The fair scheduling proposed from Section 7.1 to Section 7.4 utilizesstart-time fair queuing (SFQ) with dynamic weight adaptation to sortpackets for delivery. A backoff mechanism is used to fairly allocate radioresources between neighboring nodes. The energy conservation isaddressed by using the DPC algorithm from Chapter 6 during transmissionof packets and the sleep mode during idle intervals. All three elementswork collectively to provide reliable and energy-efficient servicesfor WSNs.7.6.2.1 Scheduling AlgorithmThe main goal of the ADFS protocol is to achieve fairness for WSN. Toaccomplish this, the protocol has to be implemented both at the queuingalgorithm level, for proper scheduling and at the MAC protocol level, tocontrol the dynamic backoff algorithm for accessing the channel. The packetsare classified according to the traffic flow to which they belong. Thenodes in the network store weights assigned to the particular flows. Theseweights are fixed. Additionally, each user data packet contains its weight.Initially, the value of packet’s weight is set to the flow weight. Then, as thepacket is forwarded through network, each CH updates the weights. Wheneverthe packet is going to be transmitted, the MAC protocol calculatesbackoff interval for a given packet. The packet waits until the backoff timewill elapse. Then, the usual four-way handshake exchange is performed in
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18. Chaos in Automatic Control, edi
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CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000
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Table of Contents1 Background on Ne
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3 Congestion Control in ATM Network
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5.4.2 Distributed Power Controller
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7.3 Adaptive and Distributed Fair S
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9.2.2 Overview.....................
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the number of connections in each l
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y Maheswaran Thiagarajan, and tirel
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2 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networ
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10 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netwo
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2BackgroundIn this chapter, we prov
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Background 51u(k)x n (k + 1)x n (k)
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Background 53with x( 0)being the in
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Background 55with tr(.) the matrix
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Background 57nGiven a function ft (
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Background 592.3.2 Lyapunov Stabili
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Background 61as well as Jagannathan
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Background 63The subsequent example
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Background 65Evaluating this along
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Background 67Now, select the feedba
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Background 69is SISL if and only if
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Background 71L 1 (x)L(x, t)L 0 (x)0
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Background 73for some R > 0 such th
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Background 75Evaluating the first d
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Background 77Section 2.4Problem 2.4
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100 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netw
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4Admission Controller Design for Hi
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Admission Controller Design for Hig
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9Predictive Congestion Control for
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Predictive Congestion Control for W
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10Adaptive and Probabilistic Power
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Adaptive and Probabilistic Power Co
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