Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

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Background on Networking 251.4.1 IEEE 802.11 StandardThe IEEE 802.11 standard (IEEE standard 1999) is proposed to developa medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specificationfor wireless connectivity for fixed, portable, and moving users within alocal area.This standard also offers regulatory bodies a means of standardizingaccess to one or more frequency bands for the purpose of local areacommunication. This standard has great significance because of thefollowing features:1. Describes the functions and services required by an IEEE 802.11compliant device to operate within ad hoc and infrastructurenetworks as well as the aspects of user mobility (transition) withinthe network2. Defines the MAC procedures to support the asynchronous MACservice data unit (MSDU) delivery services3. Defines several physical layer signaling techniques and interfacefunctions that are controlled by the IEEE 802.11 MAC4. Permits the operation of an IEEE 802.11 conformant device withina wireless LAN that may coexist with multiple overlapping IEEE802.11 wireless LANs5. Describes the requirements and procedures to provide privacy ofuser information being transferred over the wireless medium(WM) and authentication of IEEE 802.11 conformant devices1.4.2 IEEE 802.11 Physical Layer SpecificationsIEEE, in May 1997, published the initial standard, “Wireless LANMedium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications”also known as IEEE 802.11. The standard provides three physicallayer specifications for radio, operating in the 2400- to 2483.5-MHz band,902 to 928 MHz, 5.725- to 5.85-GHz regions. The standard (IEEE Standard1999) allowed three different transmissions.Frequency hopping spread spectrum radio physical layer: This physicallayer provides for 1 Mbps (with 2 Mbps optional) operation. The1-Mbps version uses 2-level Gaussian frequency shift keying (GF-SK) modulation and the 2-Mbps version uses 4-level GFSK.Direct sequence spread spectrum radio physical layer: This physical layerprovides both 1- and 2-Mbps operation. The 1-Mbps version usesdifferential binary phase shift keying (DBPSK) and the 2-Mbpsversion uses differential quadrature phase shift keying (DQPSK).
26 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor NetworksInfrared physical layer: This PHY provides 1 Mbps with optional 2 Mbps.The 1-Mbps version uses pulse position modulation (PPM) with16 positions (16-PPM) and the 2-Mbps version uses 4-PPM.1.4.3 IEEE 802.11 VersionsIEEE 802.11b: An appendix to the existing 802.11 protocol “HigherSpeed Physical Layer Extension in the 2.4GHz Band” was publishedin 1999 (IEEE 802.11b 1999). It is known as 802.11b standard. Thisstandard working in 2.4-GHz frequency provides 5.5-Mbps and11-Mbps data rate, in addition to the existing 1 Mbps and 2 Mbpsprovided. This extension uses 8-chip complementary code keying(CCK) as the modulation scheme. The IEEE ratified the IEEE 802.11specification in 1997 as a standard for WLAN. Current versions of802.11 (i.e., 802.11b) support transmission up to 11 Mbps. Wi-Fi, asit is known, is useful for fast and easy networking of PCs, printers,and other devices in a local environment, for example, the home.Current PCs and laptops as purchased have the hardware to supportWi-Fi. Purchasing and installing a Wi-Fi router and receiversis within the budget and capability of home PC enthusiasts.IEEE 802.11a: Another appendix to the existing 802.11 (IEEE 802.11astandard 1999) known as IEEE 802.11a was published in 1999. Thestandard was called “High-Speed Physical Layer in the 5GHzBand.” This standard allows up to 54 Mbps using 5-GHz frequencyrange. At these high speeds, multipath delay is a major problem.A new modulation method, called coded-orthogonal frequencydivisionmultiplexing (COFDM), must be used to overcome thismultipath delay problem.IEEE 802.11g: In February 2003, IEEE 802.11g, 54-Mbps extension to802.11b wireless LANs, gained working group approval. IEEE802.11g, which is called “Wireless LAN Medium Access Control(MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications: Higher SpeedPhysical Layer (PHY) Extension to IEEE 802.11b,” will boost wirelessLAN speed to 54 Mbps by using OFDM (orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing). The IEEE 802.11g specification is backwardcompatible with the widely deployed IEEE 802.11b standard.1.4.4 IEEE 802.11 Network TypesIEEE 802.11 recognizes two types of networks. They are ad hoc networksand extended set networks. An ad hoc network doesn’t require any existing
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Background 75Evaluating the first d
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Background 77Section 2.4Problem 2.4
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7Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wir
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Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wire
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10Adaptive and Probabilistic Power
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Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

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