Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

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Optimized Energy and Delay-Based Routing 385is demonstrated in simulation by comparing it with other routing protocolssuch as AODV, DSR, Bellman Ford (Ford and Fulkerson 1962), andOEDR (Regatte and Jagannathan 2005). These routing protocols areselected for comparison because they are multihop routing protocols.As an important first step toward node mobility, the WSN must selforganize.Therefore, Section 8.7 briefly describes the self-organization,using the subnetwork (SOS) protocol (Ratnaraj et al. 2006), which organizesthe nodes in the network into a subnetwork; Section 8.8 discussesthe novel OEDSR protocol in detail; in Section 8.8, the optimality of thealgorithm is demonstrated analytically; Section 8.9 presents the GloMo-Sim simulator results to evaluate the performance of the routing algorithm;Section 8.10 presents hardware implementation results and Section8.11 concludes the chapter.8.7 Self-Organization Using Subnetwork ProtocolThe OEDSR routing protocol runs in conjunction with the self-organizationof the sensor nodes and, therefore, the self-organization protocol isinitially dealt with in a brief manner. Initially, all nodes in the networkare in sleep mode to save battery power. When an event is detected inthe network, nodes around the event wake up and measure the sensedattribute. If the sensed attribute value is greater than a predefined threshold,then the nodes will join the subnetwork. Otherwise, the node goesback to sleep mode. By forming a subnetwork, the size of the active partof a network is limited to the nodes that have significant information. Theactivated nodes send HELLO messages to all neighbor nodes, which arein the communication range. The HELLO messages contain various fieldssuch as the node ID, energy available in the node, and sensed attributedetected from the event.Next, all the nodes in the subnetwork are grouped into clusters so thatthe sensor information can effectively be aggregated before sending it tothe BS. First, all the nodes in the subnetwork send out HELLO packets toeach other with their node IDs, the amount of energy available, and thesensed attribute. Then the node with the highest energy available electsitself as the temporary subnetwork head (TH), and the other nodes in thesubnetwork will become idle as shown in Figure 8.18. The function of theTH is to calculate the required number of CHs and select the nodes thatwill become CHs.An appropriate percentage of nodes in the subnetwork are selected asCHs by the TH. The percentage can vary depending on the density of thenetwork, with a dense network requiring more CHs. Once the number of
386 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor NetworksNodeTHFaultSub-networkFIGURE 8.18Selection of temporary subnetwork head.CHs is calculated, the suitable nodes have to be identified, based on theCH_selection_ factor. This factor is calculated as the product of the energyavailable and the value of the sensed attribute from the event. For everynode in the subnetwork, the TH calculates the CH_selection_ factor asCH_selection_ factor = Er n × S(n), (8.3)where Er n is the energy available per node obtained from the batterymonitor, and S(n) is the sensed magnitude attribute from the event.An ideal CH should have both maximum energy available and thesensed attribute value from the event. However, the nodes near the faultyevent are more prone to failure because they will exhaust their energymore quickly by detecting the events subsequent to its occurrence. Also,as a node gets farther away from the event, the sensed attribute from theevent decreases, and the nodes will not have accurate information. Therefore,the CHs are selected such that the CH_selection_ factor is closer tothe signal strength value, which is the median of the collected signalstrength values, so that the CHs are distributed evenly. In other words,the TH arranges all the CH_selection_ factors in ascending order andchooses the node whose CH_selection_ factor is closer to the median ofthe collection as the CHs. The median is considered instead of takingthe average because it works better where extreme sensed attributes arepresent. It also ensures that the selected CHs are at an optimum distancefrom the event and also have maximum energy available. Once the CHsare selected, the TH broadcasts this information to all the nodes in thesubnetwork by sending a cluster head selection (CH_SELECT) packet.Subsequently, the TH becomes a regular node.All the sensors use the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) toidentify the radio frequency (RF) signal strength used for communication
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18. Chaos in Automatic Control, edi
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CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000
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Table of Contents1 Background on Ne
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3 Congestion Control in ATM Network
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5.4.2 Distributed Power Controller
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7.3 Adaptive and Distributed Fair S
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9.2.2 Overview.....................
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the number of connections in each l
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y Maheswaran Thiagarajan, and tirel
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2 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networ
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10 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netwo
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2BackgroundIn this chapter, we prov
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Background 51u(k)x n (k + 1)x n (k)
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Background 53with x( 0)being the in
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Background 55with tr(.) the matrix
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Background 57nGiven a function ft (
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Background 592.3.2 Lyapunov Stabili
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Background 61as well as Jagannathan
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Background 63The subsequent example
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Background 65Evaluating this along
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Background 67Now, select the feedba
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Background 69is SISL if and only if
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Background 71L 1 (x)L(x, t)L 0 (x)0
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Background 73for some R > 0 such th
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Background 75Evaluating the first d
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Background 77Section 2.4Problem 2.4
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100 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netw
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4Admission Controller Design for Hi
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Admission Controller Design for Hig
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7Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wir
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Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wire
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Predictive Congestion Control for W
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10Adaptive and Probabilistic Power
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Adaptive and Probabilistic Power Co
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