Precipitation-Runoff and Streamflow-Routing Models for the ...

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Figure 9. Location of Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System calibration basins, Willamette River Basin, Oregon.26
Table 10. Additional distributed and nondistributed Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System calibration parameter values[ o F, degrees Fahrenheit; o C, degrees Celsius; HRU, hydrologic response unit]___________________________________________________________________________________Parameter Units Description Value___________________________________________________________________________________ARSA Inches Minimum snowfall, in water equivalent, needed to reset snow albedo during 0.05the snowpack accumulation stageARSM Inches Minimum snowfall, in water equivalent, needed to reset snow albedo during .20the snowpack melt stageBST o F or o C Temperature below which precipitation is snow and above which it is rain 32CTW Coefficient for computing snowpack sublimation from PET .50DENI Decimal Initial density of new-fallen snow (decimal fraction) .10DENMX Decimal Average maximum density of snowpack (decimal fraction) .60EAIR Emissivity of air on days without precipitation .85FWCAP Decimal Free water holding capacity of snowpack (fraction of snowpack water equivalent) .05GW Acre-inches Storage in each ground-water reservoir 1.13PARS Decimal Correction factor for computed solar radiation on summer day with precipitation .44(decimal fraction)PARW Decimal Correction factor for computed solar radiation on winter day with precipitation .50(decimal fraction)RDB Coefficient used in sky cover—solar radiation relation .40RDMX Percent Maximum percent of potential solar radiation (decimal fraction) .80RDP Coefficient used in sky cover—solar radiation relation .61RES Acre-inches Storage in each subsurface reservoir .50RESMX Coefficient for routing water from each subsurface reservoir to ground-water reservoir 1.00REXP Coefficient for routing water from each subsurface reservoir to ground-water reservoir 1.00RMXA Decimal Proportion of rain in precipitation above which snow albedo is not reset for .80snowpack accumulation stageRMXM Decimal Proportion of rain in precipitation above which snow albedo is not reset for .60snowpack melt stageSCN Acres Minimum contributing area for surface runoff when ISSR1 = 0; coefficient in .001contributing area—soil moisture index relation when SSR1 = 1SCX Decimal Maximum possible contributing area for surface runoff as proportion of each .01hydrologic-response unitSC1 Coefficient in surface runoff contributing area—soil moisture index relation .20SETCON Snowpack settlement time constant .10SRX Inches Maximum daily snowmelt infiltration capacity of soil profile at field capacity 2.00for each HRUTRNCF Transmission coefficient for shortwave radiation through vegetation canopy .50for each HRU___________________________________________________________________________________optimized together. For most basins, the coefficientof determination increased by about 10 percent, anderror decreased as a result of optimization. The absolutedifference between the observed and simulateddischarge was used as the optimization objective function.Simulation ResultsThe final statistical results of both calibrationand verification for the 10 basins are shown in table11. Simulation results from the Butte Creek Basin(located in the Molalla River Basin) showed the highestcalibration coefficient of determination for the calibrationperiod (0.93) and also the lowest absolute error(18.22 percent). As an example of simulation resultscompared to observations, figure 10 shows theobserved and simulated discharge for Butte Creek.Lookout Creek and Thomas Creek Basins were themost difficult basins to calibrate, which is shown bytheir respective coefficients of determination: 0.69 and0.73. The lower correlation between simulated andobserved values for Lookout Creek can be attributedto inadequate precipitation data coverage for the basinand its location in the snow zone of the McKenzieRiver Basin. This lower correlation of high flowsprobably can be expected for high-elevation locations,where data typically are lacking on precipitation type,27
Page 1: Precipitation-Runoff and Streamflow
Page 4 and 5: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORBRUC
Page 6 and 7: Determining Travel Time and Dilutio
Page 8 and 9: 2. Stream-gaging stations used to c
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Page 12 and 13: network-routing models where availa
Page 14 and 15: made on the main stem at base-flow
Page 16 and 17: Figure 1. Willamette River Basin, O
Page 18 and 19: EvapotranspirationINPUTSAirtemperat
Page 20 and 21: Table 1. Climate stations used to c
Page 22 and 23: Table 2. Stream-gaging stations use
Page 24 and 25: Figure 4. Mean annual precipitation
Page 26 and 27: Major Land Use MapHydrologic Soil G
Page 28 and 29: 0.5 mi 2 , created in the merge of
Page 30 and 31: Table 6. Geology and soils matrix o
Page 32 and 33: tion value of the HRU class by the
Page 34 and 35: Table 8. Selected monthly basinwide
Page 38 and 39: Table 11. Statistical analyses of P
Page 40 and 41: flow can become a significant compo
Page 42 and 43: diffusion at selected grid interval
Page 44 and 45: samples were collected at various d
Page 46 and 47: 3,0002,500June 21-30, 1993September
Page 48 and 49: stream network is shown on figure 1
Page 50 and 51: 122˚30´ 15´122˚00´121˚45´Roc
Page 52 and 53: 123˚22´30´´ 123˚15´ 123˚00´
Page 54 and 55: 123˚00´´ 45´30´122˚15´45˚15
Page 56 and 57: YamhillRiver123˚45´ 30´ 15´123
Page 58 and 59: 123˚07´30´´ 123˚00´ 45´ 30´
Page 60 and 61: 123˚07´30´´ 123˚00´ 45´ 30´
Page 62 and 63: 44˚15´14166000122˚07´30´´Will
Page 64 and 65: 122˚15´ 122˚00´121˚52´30´´4
Page 66 and 67: 44˚52´30´´45´122˚15´ 122˚00
Page 68 and 69: observed flow at the Willamette Riv
Page 70 and 71: DAFLOW model, and peak amplitude is
Page 72 and 73: 20DYE CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS
Page 74 and 75: ARC-INFO and Geographic Information
Page 76 and 77: WILL.WDMData-base file(Observed pre
Page 78 and 79: WILL.WDMData-base fileSWSTATSFreque
Page 80 and 81: Jobson, H.E., 1980, Comment on A ne
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Page 84 and 85: APPENDIX 1. STREAM GEOMETRY FOR MAI
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APPENDIX 1. STREAM GEOMETRY FOR MAI
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APPENDIX 2. ARC MACRO LANGUAGE (AML
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APPENDIX 3. DEFINITIONS OF PARAMETE
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APPENDIX 3. DEFINITIONS OF PARAMETE
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APPENDIX 4. MEASUREMENTS USED TO DE
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APPENDIX 5. EXAMPLE PRECIPITATION-R
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APPENDIX 5. EXAMPLE PRECIPITATION-R
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APPENDIX 6. DIFFUSION ANALOGY FLOW
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APPENDIX 7. PROGRAMMING STEPS TO IN
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APPENDIX 8. PROGRAMMING STEPS TO DE
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150Climatemaxtempmintempprecipitati
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APPENDIX 10. DIRECTORY TREE AND DES
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APPENDIX 11. DIRECTORY TREES AND DE
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APPENDIX 11. DIRECTORY TREES AND DE
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APPENDIX 12. DIRECTORY FOR will.wdm
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APPENDIX 13. PROGRAMMING STEPS FOR
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APPENDIX 14. INPUT FILES FOR BRANCH
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