Precipitation-Runoff and Streamflow-Routing Models for the ...

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20DYE CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER1816141210864Input boundary at RM 17.6Simulated at RM 14.2 from measured flowSimulated at RM 12.1 from measured flowSimulated at RM 8.1 from measured flowSimulated at RM 5.4 from measured flowSimulated at RM 14.2 from PRMS-simulated flowSimulated at RM 12.1 from PRMS-simulated flowSimulated at RM 8.1 from PRMS-simulated flowSimulated at RM 5.4 from PRMS-simulated flow2015 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 5560TIME, IN HOURS FROM 0:00 JULY 7, 1993Figure 40. Branch Lagrangian Transport model simulation of dye transport in the Pudding River, Oregon, from rivermile (RM) 17.6 to 5.4 using measured flow and using Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) simulated flow.(Simulated flows were 20 percent lower than observed flows and resulted in a 12 percent longer estimate of peak time.See Glossary for program descriptions.)the output of peak travel time was used to create thecurves presented in figure 41. These curves can beused to determine travel times (water velocity) of aspilled conservative constituent between any twostream locations on the main stem of the PuddingRiver for a given base discharge at the stream-gagingstation at Aurora (14202000). Similar curves could beconstructed to show the attenuation of the peak concentrationas the constituent travels downstream.FUTURE WATER-QUALITY MODELINGThe next logical sequence in water-quality modelingis to incorporate a solute-transport model into theexisting dynamic streamflow model of the WillametteRiver Basin for selected stream networks and specificapplications by configuring and calibrating BLTM tooperate with DAFLOW using dye-study data.Further calibration should include providingreaction dynamics for the simulation of dissolved oxygen,bacteria, and water temperature, but such simulationwould require additional data collection. Withcalibrated reaction dynamics, the model also can beused to determine the relation of dissolved oxygen andACCUMULATED PEAK CONCENTRATION TRAVEL TIMEFOR A SPILL, IN HOURS4003503002502001501005005040Q = 70 cubic feet per secondQ = 120 cubic feet per secondQ = 300 cubic feet per secondQ = 800 cubic feet per second3020PUDDING RIVER MILEFigure 41. Travel time for peak concentrations of ahypothetical spill for various discharges (Q) at thePudding River at Aurora, Oregon (stream-gagingstation 14202000) beginning at river mile 52.2 atKaufman Road bridge crossing.10062
water temperature to nutrient loading, sediment oxygendemand, reaeration rates, flow conditions, climaticconditions, algal growth rates, and riparian vegetationcover during summer months. Then, the model alsocan be used to assess the potential effectiveness of variousmanagement options for alleviating water-qualityproblems.Fate and transport of toxic substances and traceelements still are not well understood. One major reasonfor the lack of understanding is that transport oftoxic constituents usually occurs during dynamic(unsteady-state) conditions, which are difficult to measureand assess. The current solution to this problemis to assume transport under steady-state conditions.Further research and data collection will eventuallydefine the dynamic transport processes involved andthe reaction dynamics of these substances underunsteady conditions. Some of these substances willbe transported in the suspended phase; therefore, asediment-transport model will have to be linked to theflow model (Laenen, 1995). When all the dynamicand relevant processes are known and adequate datafor calibration has been collected, unsteady-state flowswill be suitable for water-quality modeling purposes,and flows simulated by precipitation runoff andstreamflow routing will have to be used in theprediction process.Eventually, overland- and subsurfpface-transportprocesses that carry substances into the stream willhave to be defined so that source modeling can bedone. These runoff-model elements are currently in theresearch stage, but can be incorporated in future modelingwhen they become usable.LINKING DATA AND MODELSIn preceding sections, different components ofprograms required to model flows in the WillametteRiver Basin have been discussed. This sectiondescribes the links between all data requirements andall model components.Geographic information system programs (ARC-INFO) and spatial data layers are required to determineHRU’s needed to define the discrete spatial inputs toPRMS. Data-base management programs (ANNIE) arerequired to input, output, and manage data files in amaster WDM file. A model application program (SCE-NARIO GENERATOR) is used to display the WDMfile for PRMS. River-network applications are run withthe streamflow-routing model DAFLOW by using theWDM file. Files from the DAFLOW model can beused to drive water-quality models such as BLTM. (Anewer version of BLTM, identified as CBLTM, wasused in this study.) Programs in ANNIE can be used tooutput graphs and statistics. A flowchart of the filesand programs used in this study are shown in figure 42.basin.g1PrecipitationrunoffmodelPRMSObserved precipitation/temperature dataSCENARIOGENERATORFLOW.INSimulated subbasin flows WILL.WDMData-base fileWILL.WDSimulated subbasin inflowsSimulated channel flowsDAFLOWSimulated channel flowsChannel flowroutingmodelANNIESWSTATSBLTM.INBLTM.FLWData fileFLATFILESSolute-transportmodelCBLTMSimulated channel flowsSTATSFigure 42. Programs and files used to link the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), the DiffusionAnalogy Flow model (DAFLOW), and the Branched Lagrangian Transport Model (BLTM) for simulatedoperations. (A circle denotes a computer program, and a rectangle denotes a computer file. See Glossaryfor program descriptions.)63
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Precipitation-Runoff and Streamflow
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORBRUC
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Determining Travel Time and Dilutio
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2. Stream-gaging stations used to c
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network-routing models where availa
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made on the main stem at base-flow
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Figure 1. Willamette River Basin, O
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EvapotranspirationINPUTSAirtemperat
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Table 1. Climate stations used to c
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Page 56 and 57: YamhillRiver123˚45´ 30´ 15´123
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Page 84 and 85: APPENDIX 1. STREAM GEOMETRY FOR MAI
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APPENDIX 3. DEFINITIONS OF PARAMETE
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APPENDIX 3. DEFINITIONS OF PARAMETE
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APPENDIX 4. MEASUREMENTS USED TO DE
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APPENDIX 5. EXAMPLE PRECIPITATION-R
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APPENDIX 5. EXAMPLE PRECIPITATION-R
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APPENDIX 6. DIFFUSION ANALOGY FLOW
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APPENDIX 7. PROGRAMMING STEPS TO IN
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APPENDIX 8. PROGRAMMING STEPS TO DE
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150Climatemaxtempmintempprecipitati
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APPENDIX 10. DIRECTORY TREE AND DES
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APPENDIX 11. DIRECTORY TREES AND DE
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APPENDIX 11. DIRECTORY TREES AND DE
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APPENDIX 12. DIRECTORY FOR will.wdm
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APPENDIX 13. PROGRAMMING STEPS FOR
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APPENDIX 14. INPUT FILES FOR BRANCH
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