Precipitation-Runoff and Streamflow-Routing Models for the ...

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WILL.WDMData-base fileSWSTATSFrequency statisticsSCENARIOGENERATORANNIEFlat fileSTATSScreen/printerplotsScreen/printerplotsCorrelation anderror statisticsFigure 48. Programs and files used in Diffusion Analogy Flow model post-simulation analysis. (A circledenotes a computer program, and a rectangle denotes a computer file. See Glossary for programdescriptions.)1983). After a DAFLOW simulation, the user createsa flat file from ANNIE containing a listing of observedand simulated time-series flow data for a particularstation. The column of observed data must be positionedto the left of the column of simulated data.The flat file is entered directly into the SWSTATprogram to compute error statistics.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSPrecipitation-runoff and streamflow-routingmodels were constructed for the Willamette RiverBasin to provide streamflow hydrographs for use inwater-quality data analysis. An instream model of thePudding River main stem that simulated the transportof conservative constituents was used as an exampleof a water-quality application. Runoff and routingmodels described in this report can simulate streamflowat nearly 500 discrete stream locations and canoutput hydrographs for surface runoff, subsurfaceflow, and ground-water flow for 1–10 HRU classes ineach of 253 subbasins; such a capability can facilitatethe assessment of water-quality data. Models that canbe run either separately or together to determineunsteady-state flow in a daily time step were constructedfor 11 individual stream networks. To completemodeling of the Willamette River Basin, files for10 remaining networks still must be assembled usingparameter values that already have been established.The Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System(PRMS) and the Diffusion Analogy Flow Model(DAFLOW) are used in combination to simulatestreamflow at selected locations. PRMS is used todetermine the runoff response from ungaged areas, andDAFLOW is used to route flows in the WillametteRiver main stem and major tributaries. PRMS andDAFLOW use the same water data-management(WDM) file, and the systems are linked by computerscript commands that are transparent to the user. Theentire Willamette River system could be simulated inone model run, but this would require completing thesetup of 10 remaining networks and integrating theminto the existing basin network. To improve accuracyfor instream flows, most model network simulationswould use an inflow hydrograph as a starting boundarycondition and precipitation-runoff simulations forungaged tributary inflow; however, upstream boundaryconditions also may be simulated by precipitationrunoffmodeling. All 253 model subbasins can be simulatedseparately, and flows from the individual hydrologicresponse units (HRU’s) within the subbasins canbe output separately. As a first step in water-qualitymodeling, it is envisioned that flow in small subbasins,such as the Pudding River (479 mi 2 ) or smaller tributariessuch as Zollner Creek (15 mi 2 ), will be simulatedby flow models.In this study, for each subbasin, spatial data layersof precipitation, land use, soils, geology, and topographywere used in a geographic information system to68
define the homogeneous hydrologic response units(HRU’s), which are the basic computational units ofPRMS. These spatial data were used by an Arc MacroLanguage (AML) program to produce model inputvalues representing interception, evapotranspiration,infiltration, and subsurface and ground-water flowrates. This AML program can be used at any time inthe future to redefine model parameters with newerand better defined spatial data layers. It is envisionedthat redefining HRU’s (for example, dividing agriculturalland into finer units that delineate crop types)will be done first for small drainages in order to evaluatetheir significance in evaluating water-quality datadifferences.Precipitation-runoff model calibrations and verificationswere done for the 1972–78 period, becausethis was the period of greatest streamflow record density.More than one-half the stream-gaging stations inoperation from 1972–78 in the Willamette River Basinare no longer in operation. For future simulation offlows for other periods, the data base must be updatedwith precipitation, temperature, and flow data for theintended simulation time. Network accuracy dependson the proportion of the basin that has been simulatedwith precipitation-runoff models. For example, to estimateflow in the Molalla River at Canby, the 70 percentof the basin that was ungaged had to be simulatedwith precipitation and temperature data. The simulationresulted in a flow estimate with an average absoluteerror of about 21 percent. In a network whereflows are primarily routed, the Willamette River(Albany to Salem) network, only 9 percent of thebasin had to be simulated with precipitation and temperaturedata, resulting in a flow estimate with anaverage absolute error of about 4 percent.The Branched Lagrangian Transport Model(BLTM) and DAFLOW were used to simulate the dispersionof dye in the main stem of the Pudding Riverto give an example of a water-quality application andto show model linkages. For water-quality modelingin the Willamette River Basin, the data generated bydye studies conducted for this project still must beused in the calibration of other stream networks.Dye modeling in the Pudding River has resultedin a close fit to observed data; however, this may notprove to be the case for all streams. The Pudding Riverhas a streambed that consists of fine material, andthere is little transfer between the stream and theground-water system. As evidenced in the gain-lossinvestigations made in the Willamette River, otherstreams can have a large exchange of water occurringbetween the river and the streambed. The BLTM modelprobably will yield less accurate results in streams thatexhibit a large exchange of water between river andstreambed; however, the differences that occur can giveinsight to the contributing volumes from theseexchanges and identify the fluxes needed in modelapplication.REFERENCES CITEDAllison, I.S., 1978, Late Pleistocene sediments and floods inthe Willamette Valley: The Ore Bin, v. 40, p. 177–202.Baldwin, E.M., 1981, Geology of Oregon: Dubuque, Iowa,Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., 170 p.Broad, T.M., and Collins, C.A., 1996, Estimated water useand general hydrologic conditions for Oregon, 1985 and1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources InvestigationsReport 96–4080, 166 p.Chow, V.T., 1964, Handbook of applied hydrology: NewYork, McGraw-Hill, [variously paginated].Daly, C., and Neilson, R.P., and Phillips, V.L., 1994, Astatistical-topographic model for estimating climatologicalprecipitation over mountainous terrain: Journal ofApplied Meteorology, v. 33, no. 2, p. 140–158.Doyle, W.H, Jr., Shearman, J.O., Stiltner, G.T., and Krug,W.R., 1983, A digital model for streamflow routing byconvolution methods: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83–4160, 130 p.Fegeas, R.G., Claire, R.W., Guptill, S.C., Anderson, K.E.,and Hallam, C.A., 1983, Land use and land coverdigital data: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 895–E,30 p.Fenneman, N.M., 1931, Physiography of the Western UnitedStates: New York and London, McGraw-Hill BookCompany, Inc., 534 p.Glenn, J.L., 1965, Late Quaternary sedimentation andgeologic history of the north Willamette valley,Oregon: Corvallis, Oregon State University, Ph.D.dissertation, 231 p.Hamon, W.R., 1961, Estimating potential evapotranspiration:Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers,Journal of Hydraulic Division, v. 87, no. HY3, p.107–120.Harris, D.D., 1968, Travel rates of water for selected streamsin the Willamette River basin, Oregon: U.S. GeologicalSurvey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA–273.Hubbard, E.F., Kilpatrick, F.A., Martens, L.A., and Wilson,J.F., Jr., 1982, Measurement of time of travel and dispersionin streams by dye tracing: U.S. GeologicalSurvey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations,chapter A9, book 3, 44 p.69
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Precipitation-Runoff and Streamflow
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORBRUC
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Determining Travel Time and Dilutio
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2. Stream-gaging stations used to c
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network-routing models where availa
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made on the main stem at base-flow
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Figure 1. Willamette River Basin, O
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EvapotranspirationINPUTSAirtemperat
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Table 1. Climate stations used to c
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Table 2. Stream-gaging stations use
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Figure 4. Mean annual precipitation
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Major Land Use MapHydrologic Soil G
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APPENDIX 4. MEASUREMENTS USED TO DE
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APPENDIX 5. EXAMPLE PRECIPITATION-R
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APPENDIX 5. EXAMPLE PRECIPITATION-R
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APPENDIX 6. DIFFUSION ANALOGY FLOW
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APPENDIX 7. PROGRAMMING STEPS TO IN
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150Climatemaxtempmintempprecipitati
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APPENDIX 10. DIRECTORY TREE AND DES
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APPENDIX 11. DIRECTORY TREES AND DE
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APPENDIX 12. DIRECTORY FOR will.wdm
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APPENDIX 13. PROGRAMMING STEPS FOR
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APPENDIX 14. INPUT FILES FOR BRANCH
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