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Spectral Acceleration (1 s), (g)In[SA(1 s)] Actual− In[SA(1 s)] GMPE210.50.10.010.00150−54Graizer and Kalkan (2007, 2009)[A]Abrahamson and Silva (2008) Boore and Atkinson (2008) Campbell and Bozorgnia (2008) Chiou and Youngs (2008)M7.1 Darfield Eq.σ In[Y]= 0.61 [B] σ In[Y]= 0.62 σ In[Y]= 0.60 σ In[Y]= 0.60 σ In[Y]= 0.60σ LLH= 0.53[C]σ LLH= 0.52σ LLH= 0.46σ LLH= 0.53σ LLH= 0.583LLH value2105 10 20 50 100 2505 10 20 50 100 2501 5 10 20 50 100 250Distance Measure (km)5 10 20 50 100 2505 10 20 50 100 250Spectral Acceleration (1 s), (g)In[SA(1 s)] Actual− In[SA(1 s)] GMPE210.50.10.010.00150−54Graizer and Kalkan (2007, 2009)[A]Abrahamson and Silva (2008) Boore and Atkinson (2008) Campbell and Bozorgnia (2008) Chiou and Youngs (2008)M6.2 Christchurch Eq.σ In[Y]= 0.60 [B] σ In[Y]= 0.71 σ In[Y]= 0.73 σ In[Y]= 0.73 σ In[Y]= 0.64σ = 0.68[C]σ = 0.89σ = 1.13σ = 1.29σ = 0.79LLH LLH LLH LLH LLH3LLH value2105 10 20 50 100 2505 10 20 50 100 2501 5 10 20 50 100 250Distance Measure (km)5 10 20 50 100 2505 10 20 50 100 250▲ ▲ Figure 4. A) Comparison of 5%-damped spectral acceleration values computed at 1 s for the M 7.1 Darfield (top panels) andM 6.2 Christchurch (bottom panels) earthquakes for 16th, 50th (median), and 84th percentile predictions from five different GMPEs.B) Residuals computed for each GMPE for median prediction; also shown is the trend line to quantify distance bias. C) Average-loglikelihood (LLH) values are to determine performance of GMPEs; higher LLH values indicate poorer performance.870 Seismological Research Letters Volume 82, Number 6 November/December 2011