Here - Stuff

Events Reconnaissance (GEER) Association activity througha CMMI-00323914 and NSF RAPID grant CMMI-1137977.However, any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendationsexpressed in this material are those of the authorsand do not necessarily reflect the views of the National ScienceFoundation. We acknowledge the New Zealand GeoNet projectand its sponsors EQC, GNS Science, and Land InformationNew Zealand for providing ground motion records used in thisstudy.REFERENCES▲ ▲ Figure 17. Abutment damage and superstructure movementof the southeastern abutment of the Horotane Overbridge.faction occurrences were in close accord, independent of whetherthe liquefaction was evaluated using the V s , DCPT, or CPT.Settlement of bridge approaches affected the serviceabilityof many of the affected bridges, and bridges critical to the networkwere seriously damaged, causing significant traffic disruptionimmediately following the event. Nevertheless, the overallnetwork performed well, with only the Moorhouse AvenueOverbridge closed for an extended period of time. This goodperformance is attributed to the fact that most ChristchurchCity Council road bridges built in the 1950s and 1960s wererobust integral bridges. For the recently constructed bridges,good performance was a result of the significant improvementin bridge seismic safety in New Zealand and retrofittingefforts in the past decade. Additionally, the regular configuration,limited span length, and effective restraining methodswere important factors in the reduced vulnerability of theChristchurch bridge network.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSDr. Wotherspoon’s position at the University of Aucklandis funded by the New Zealand Earthquake Commission(EQC). The primary support for the U.S. GEER team memberswas provided by grants from the U.S. National ScienceFoundation (NSF) as part of the Geotechnical ExtremeAllen, J., S. Ashford, E. Bowman, B. Bradley, B. Cox, M. Cubrinovski,R. Green, T. Hutchinson, E. Kavazanjian, R. Orense, M. Pender,M. Quigley, and L. Wotherspoon (2010). Geotechnical reconnaissanceof the 2010 Darfield (Canterbury) earthquake. Bulletin of theNew Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 43 (4), 243–320.Andrus, R. D., and K. H. Stokoe II (2000). Liquefaction resistance ofsoils from shear-wave velocity. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering 126 (11), 1,015–1,025.Beavan, J., E. Fielding, M. Motagh, S. Samsonov, and N. Donnelly(2011). Fault location and slip distribution of the 22 February 2011M W 6.2 Christchurch, New Zealand, earthquake from geodeticdata. Seismological Research Letters 82, 789–799.Bowen, H. J., and M. Cubrinovski (2008a). Psuedo-static analysis ofpiles in liquefiable soils: Parametric evaluation of liquefied layerproperties. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for EarthquakeEngineering 41 (4), 234–246.Bowen, H. J., and M. Cubrinovski (2008b). Effective stress analysis ofpiles in liquefiable soil: A case study of a bridge foundation. Bulletinof the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 41 (4), 247–262.Bradley, B. A. (2010). NZ-Specific Pseudo-spectral Acceleration GroundMotion Prediction Equations based on Foreign Models. University ofCanterbury, Department of Civil Engineering, 319 pp.Bradley, B. A., and M. Cubrinovski (2011). Near-source strong groundmotions observed in the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake.Seismological Research Letters 82, 853–865.Bradley, B. A., M. Cubrinovski, R. P. Dhakal, and G. A. MacRae(2010). Probabilistic seismic performance and loss assessment ofa bridge-foundation-soil system. Soil Dynamics and EarthquakeEngineering 30 (5), 395–411.Brown, L. J., R. D. Beetham, B. R. Paterson, and J. H. Weeber (1995).Geology of Christchurch, New Zealand. Environmental &Engineering Geoscience 1 (4), 427–488.Brown, L. J., and J. H. Weeber (1992). Geology of the Christchurch UrbanArea. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences. Lower Hutt,New Zealand: GNS Science.Gledhill, K., J. Ristau, M. Reyners, B. Fry, and C. Holden (2011).The Darfield (Canterbury, New Zealand) M w 7.1 earthquake ofSeptember 2010: A preliminary seismological report. SeismologicalResearch Letters 82 (3), 378–386.Goda, K., and H. P. Hong (2008). Estimation of seismic loss for spatiallydistributed buildings. Earthquake Spectra 24, 889–910.Green, R. A., C. Wood, B. Cox, M. Cubrinovski, L. Wotherspoon,B. Bradley, T. Algie, J. Allen, A. Bradshaw, and G. Rix (2011).Use of DCP and SASW tests to evaluate liquefaction potential:Predictions vs. observations during the recent New Zealand earthquakes.Seismological Research Letters 82, 927–938.Guidotti, R., M. Stupazzini, C. Smerzini, R. Paolucci, and P. Rameri(2011). Numerical study on the role of basin geometry and kinematicseismic source in 3D ground motion simulation of the 22February 2011 M W 6.2 Christchurch earthquake. SeismologicalResearch Letters 82, 767–782.Seismological Research Letters Volume 82, Number 6 November/December 2011 963