Here - Stuff

documented observations, critically important case histories ofsoil-foundation-structure-interaction can be developed. Whencompleted, these well-documented case histories of buildingperformance in liquefied ground can be used to evaluate andcalibrate computational software with advanced geotechnicalsoil models and provide empirical data for developing designprocedures for evaluating the effects of liquefaction on buildingperformance.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe primary support for the New Zealand GEER team memberswas provided by the Earthquake Commission New Zealand(EQC) and University of Canterbury. The primary supportfor the U.S. GEER team members was provided by grantsfrom the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) as part ofthe Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER)Association activity through CMMI-0825734 and CMMI-1137977. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendationsexpressed in this material are those of the authorsand do not necessarily reflect the views of the National ScienceFoundation, EQC, or the host institutions of the authors.We would also like to acknowledge the assistance of all NewZealand and U.S. GEER team members who participated in thereconnaissance of these events. Their contributions are noted atthe GEER Web site (http://www.geerassociation.org/).▲ ▲ Figure 16. Buildings on shallow and hybrid foundations intransition area from moderate liquefaction to low/no liquefaction;arrows indicate direction of tilt of the buildings (7 March2011; S43.52878 E172.63528).cm. There were many smaller buildings suffering serious damageto the foundations due to spreading as well as clear signs ofthe effects of spreading on some larger buildings both at thefoundations and through the superstructure.CONCLUSIONSDocumenting and learning from observations after designlevelearthquakes are vital to advancing the state-of-practicein earthquake engineering. Surveying the re-occurrence ofliquefaction, documenting cases of liquefaction-inducedground movements, and evaluating the effects of liquefactionon buildings and lifelines provide invaluable information thatwill serve as benchmarks to the profession’s understandingof the effects of earthquakes. The series of earthquakes thatshook Christchurch in 2010 and 2011 provides insights anddata more valuable than that which can be developed throughexperiments due to the problems of model scaling. These earthquakes,in particular, represent important earthquake scenariosworldwide. Each of the documented building responses inthe CBD provides critical insights regarding the performanceof structures and foundations sited on ground that couldpotentially liquefy. Site investigations are planned to documentfully the ground conditions at these sites, so that with theseREFERENCESArchives New Zealand (2011). Black Map of Christchurch, March 1850.http://archives.govt.nz/gallery/v/Online+Regional+Exhibitions/Chregionalofficegallery/sss/Black+Map+of+Christchurch/. Lastaccessed July 18, 2011.Bradley, B. A., and M. Cubrinovski (2011). Near-source strong groundmotions observed in the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake.Seismological Research Letters 82,853–865.Brown, L. J., and J. H. Weeber (1992). Geology of the Christchurch UrbanArea. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences. Lower Hutt,New Zealand: GNS Science.Cubrinovski, M., R. Green, J. Allen, S. Ashford, E. Bowman, B. Bradley,B. Cox, T. Hutchinson, E. Kavazanjian, R. Orense, M. Pender, M.Quigley, and L. Wotherspoon (2010). Geotechnical reconnaissanceof the 2010 Darfield (Canterbury) earthquake. Bulletin of the NewZealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 43 (4), 243–320.New Zealand Government (2011). http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/govt-outlines-next-steps-people-canterbury. Last accessed 18 July2011.Youd, T. L., I. M. Idriss, R. D. Andrus, I. Arango, G. Castro, J. T.Christian, R. Dobry, et al. (2001). Liquefaction resistance of soils:Summary report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSFworkshops on evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils. ASCEJournal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering 127 (10),817–833.Department of Civil and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of CanterburyPrivate Bag 4800Christchurch 8140 New Zealandmisko.cubrinovski@canterbury.ac.nz(M. C.)904 Seismological Research Letters Volume 82, Number 6 November/December 2011