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Spectral Acceleration (3 s), (g)In[SA(3 s)] Actual− In[SA(3 s)] GMPE10.50.10.010.00150−54Graizer and Kalkan (2007, 2009)[A]Abrahamson and Silva (2008) Boore and Atkinson (2008) Campbell and Bozorgnia (2008) Chiou and Youngs (2008)M7.1 Darfield Eq.σ In[Y]= 0.65 [B] σ In[Y]= 0.69 σ In[Y]= 0.71 σ In[Y]= 0.68 σ In[Y]= 0.69σ LLH= 0.45[C]σ LLH= 0.65σ LLH= 0.63σ LLH= 0.77σ LLH= 0.803LLH value2105 10 20 50 100 2505 10 20 50 100 2501 5 10 20 50 100 250Distance Measure (km)5 10 20 50 100 2505 10 20 50 100 250Spectral Acceleration (3 s), (g)In[SA(3 s)] Actual− In[SA(3 s)] GMPE10.50.10.010.00150−54Graizer and Kalkan (2007, 2009)[A]Abrahamson and Silva (2008) Boore and Atkinson (2008) Campbell and Bozorgnia (2008) Chiou and Youngs (2008)M6.2 Christchurch Eq.σ = 0.57 In[Y][B] σ = 0.65 In[Y]σ = 0.75 In[Y]σ = 0.67 In[Y]σ = 0.61In[Y]σ = 0.63[C]σ = 0.68σ = 0.83σ = 0.78σ = 0.59LLH LLH LLH LLH LLH3LLH value2105 10 20 50 100 2505 10 20 50 100 2501 5 10 20 50 100 250Distance Measure (km)5 10 20 50 100 2505 10 20 50 100 250▲ ▲ Figure 5. A) Comparison of 5%-damped spectral acceleration values computed at 3 s for the M 7.1 Darfield (top panels) andM 6.2 Christchurch (bottom panels) earthquakes for 16th, 50th (median), and 84th percentile predictions from five different GMPEs.B) Residuals computed for each GMPE for median prediction; also shown is the trend line to quantify distance bias. C) Average-loglikelihood (LLH) values are to determine performance of GMPEs; higher LLH values indicate poorer performance.Seismological Research Letters Volume 82, Number 6 November/December 2011 871