surveying iii (topographic and geodetic surveys) - Modern Prepper

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3-4. Slope Measurements. The slope of a tape length in a baseline measurement should not exceed a10-percent grade. Where this limit is approached or exceeded, use special care in determining thedifference in the elevation of the tape ends or stands and performing horizontal taping. Measure thedifferences in elevation between the fiducial marks of the tapes using spirit levels. Obtain rod readingsat all tape end supports and broken-grade intermediate supports. Read both the front (meter) and back(foot) sides of the rod at each point. If the available rods are graduated in only one unit, the spirit levelsshould run forward and backward over the line. Make a comparison of the observed differences ofelevation for each tape length. Be careful when adjusting the level and when balancing the backsightsand foresights for the observations. A maximum discrepancy between differences of elevation of ±3millimeters should produce the desired 1/500,000 accuracy in the determination of the slope correctionfor slopes up to 10 percent.3-5. Wind Effect. The error caused by the wind blowing the tape horizontally, such as errors inalignment, inclination, and friction of the tape on the supports, tends to make the measured length toolong. No first-order or second-order, Class I baseline measurements should be made when the wind isstrong enough to bend the tape more than 2 centimeters out of line. The wind would introduce an errorof 1 part in 500,000.3-6. Instruments and Appliances. It is possible to make satisfactory baseline measurements oversomewhat rough and uneven ground if provisions are made to properly support and stretch the tape.a. The following instruments and appliances are useful in running the baseline: Two marking scribes. Two pairs of dividers. One level, with rod. Two plumb bobs. Two range poles. Two 1/10-meter scales, boxwood, with a reading in millimeters. One stretch apparatus for tape, complete and consisting of two staves with loops and tapeattaching the clip, two balances, and an apparatus for testing the balances. Copper strips for stake tops, of the same thickness as tape, 20 per kilometer. One 30-meter steel tape (standardized or tested in the field) for measuring setups andsetbacks. One 50-meter steel or Invar tape (unstandardized) for marking out the baseline.EN0593 3-4
Three Invar tapes (standardized). One theodolite. Three backed thermometers, for tapes.b. The following tools and materials are used for staking a line: One hammer. One hatchet. One handsaw. Two mauls. Two machetes. 10d nails. Posts and stakes. Movable tripods.3-7. Members of a Baseline Party. A baseline party should be staffed with six personnel to include thefront contact man, the rear contact man, the recorder, the front stretcher man, the rear stretcher man, andthe middleman. The party chief acts as the forward contact man unless other experienced personnel areavailable; otherwise, the party chief acts as the recorder. The general duties and responsibilities of theparty members are briefly outlined below.a. The front contact man ensures that conditions affecting the tape as a measuring unit are compliedwith. The tape must be in proper equilibrium and under proper tension and support before he makes theforward mark. He must also accurately read the front thermometer at each measurement.b. The rear contact man makes the rear contact and reads the rear thermometer. As the tape isbrought up to a new position, he steadies it as the rear staff places it in position and applies tension,ensuring that the tape does not drag over the rear stake. He advises the rear stretcher man to either easeoff or take up the tape's tension.c. The recorder should be an experienced man; otherwise, the party chief must frequently inspectthe record, especially where broken grades or setups and setbacks are recorded.(1) When the tape is advanced 50 meters, its forward end will occasionally fall short of the nextmetal strip. When this occurs, make a scratch on the rear metal3-5 EN0593
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SUBCOURSEEN0593EDITIONAUNITED STATE
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TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE:ACTION:
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Part G: Adjusting Precise-Positioni
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PART A - FIGURES OF THE EARTH1-1. T
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Figure 1-2. Flattening Fractiona. T
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1-3. Geoid. In geodesy, precise com
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point in the survey to provide the
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one side of a triangle and all of t
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Figure 1-10. Simple Triangulation N
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observation, contains a light sourc
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of a horizontal rod with a small sp
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The Airy theory, announced by G. B.
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Figure 1-15. Products of the Gravim
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a. If the shape of the earth was ex
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Figure 1-16. Single Astronomic Stat
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Figure 1-17. Astro-Geodetic Deflect
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Figure 1-19. Astro-Geodetic Datum O
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(c) The significance of a gravity-o
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absolute deflections of the vertica
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Figure 1-23. Preferred Datumsa. The
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1-17. The World Geodetic System. Be
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Figure 1-25. Using the Same Referen
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LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
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12. Which of the following is assum
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LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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for all military and civilian activ
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i. Additional support for other top
Page 60 and 61: 2-7. Status. At present, topographi
Page 62 and 63: in both. (North American Datum of 1
Page 64 and 65: water can impede leveling operation
Page 66 and 67: A field recording booklet. A single
Page 68 and 69: PART I - OFFICE WORK2-24. General.
Page 70 and 71: PART J - SURVEY COMMUNICATION2-28.
Page 72 and 73: length or side is known, and all th
Page 74 and 75: second-order, Class I net. The leng
Page 76 and 77: The number of observations required
Page 78 and 79: to perform the reconnaissance. Fail
Page 80 and 81: and cultivated, or fields may have
Page 82 and 83: e an alphanumeric symbol that is st
Page 84 and 85: 2-53. Intervisibility of Stations.
Page 86 and 87: station is (K/2) 2 x 0.0676, or one
Page 88 and 89: Figure 2-8. Similar Triangles Solut
Page 90 and 91: 2-54. Height of Obstructions. It is
Page 92 and 93: authorized to change the name, it s
Page 94 and 95: Figure 2-12. Cells Connected in Par
Page 96 and 97: added as the cells weaken. Three un
Page 98 and 99: Figure 2-16. Construction Details f
Page 100 and 101: 2-60. Wooden Towers. When it become
Page 102 and 103: LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 104 and 105: 11. The face of the 5-inch signal l
Page 106 and 107: LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
Page 108 and 109: average line in a triangulation sys
Page 112 and 113: strip as close as possible to its f
Page 114 and 115: . Sight along the tops of both of t
Page 116 and 117: Column 1. Record the station number
Page 118 and 119: stake to steady it. With the back o
Page 120 and 121: Figure 3-3. DA Form 4446 (Sample of
Page 122 and 123: micrometer in this optical system i
Page 124 and 125: laterally across the front of the e
Page 126 and 127: Figure 3-7. Horizontal Circle and M
Page 128 and 129: out of adjustment. If the index mar
Page 130 and 131: (1) In order to avoid instrumental
Page 132 and 133: location of the vertical circle on
Page 134 and 135: Figure 3-13. Open Traversec. Closed
Page 136 and 137: designate the exact point of refere
Page 138 and 139: example, a line with an azimuth of
Page 140 and 141: When adjusting a traverse that star
Page 142 and 143: LESSON 3PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 144 and 145: 11. The unit of graduation on a hor
Page 146 and 147: LESSON 3PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
Page 148 and 149: THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
Page 150 and 151: differential leveling. The theodoli
Page 152 and 153: additional runs are made due to exc
Page 154 and 155: Figure 4-2. Wild N-3 Precision Leve
Page 156 and 157: (8) Loosen the azimuth clamp (13),
Page 158 and 159: 4.7. Miscellaneous Equipment. In ad
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(2) To check for gross errors in th
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(a) (1) Begin by completing the inf
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Set up and level the instrument. Re
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Figure 4-8. Sun and Wind Code(5) Th
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(10) Enter the interval between the
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Figure 4-9. Closed-Circuit River Cr
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Figure 4-11. Sample DA Form 5820 (R
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is 0. When the telescope is pointed
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stations. However, since all statio
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a. Complete the heading, as shown.b
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a. (1) Enter the date, as in the sa
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11. The maximum length of site to o
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PART A - GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
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5-7. Pseudorange. A pseudorange is
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5-15. Number of Pseudorange Observa
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i. Probable Error Measures. The acc
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Table 5-1. Representative GPS Error
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Table 5-2. Carrier Phase Trackinga.
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exercise extreme caution in applyin
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not be designed or performed to ach
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Table 5-3. GPS-S Design, Geometry,
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f. Multiple/Repeat Baseline Connect
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possible ionospheric and tropospher
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Figures 5-4. PDOP Versus Time PlotP
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e. Field Processing and Verificatio
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All carrier phase relative-surveyin
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time spent and the cost of conducti
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movement between occupation sites,
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5-37. General. GPS baseline solutio
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(1) Receiver Time. This technique u
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NOTE: Repeated baselines should be
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5-43. Loop Closure Checks. Postproc
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necessary to determine approximate
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This will ensure that future work w
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may (and usually does) far exceed t
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important in evaluating the overall
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i. Relative GPS baseline standard e
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12. When the networking method is s
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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FAR-77 obstructions. Aircraft-movem
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Figure 6-1. Imaginary SurfacesEN059
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Figure 6-3. Approach Surfacesa. Fed
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. Federal Aviation Regulation-77, S
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Table 6-4. Airport Obstruction Accu
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A horizontal scale of 1:12,000 and
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Figure 6-4. Sample DA Form 5821 (Ai
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Figure 6-5. Sample DA Form 5822 (PA
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