surveying iii (topographic and geodetic surveys) - Modern Prepper

PART J - SURVEY COMMUNICATION2-28. General. Survey party members may find themselves in a situation where they become separated.The ability to communicate with each other could mean the difference between successfully completinga section of work or not. Even at short distances (as in site surveys or leveling operations), backgroundnoises can obscure direct voice contact. At longer distances, such as in EDM or direction-measurementoperations, direct voice contact is impossible. Alternative types of communication are required.2-29. Voice. On long lines, where hand signals are impossible, a radio must be used. Each theater ofoperations or Army command has published communications-electronics operation instructions (CEOI)that units must follow. Only frequencies obtained through the local signal officer may be used. Allpersonnel must be familiar with the CEOI and the unit's communications SOP before using a radio. Allradio communications must be kept as short and secure as possible.a. Over shorter distances, during all types of site surveys, the AISI provides one-way voicecommunication. Two-way communication is the preferred method for short distances. Most units havesome type of hand-held radios, although they are not TOE equipment. These radios should be able tocommunicate up to 5 kilometers and should not be limited to line of sight only. Portability, ease ofoperation, and frequency programmability should be considered when procuring this type ofcommunication equipment. Military hand-held radios are readily available in most militarycommunities.b. TOE changes are resulting in frequency modulated (FM) radios being replaced with Single-Channel Ground-to-Air Radio System (SINCGARS) radios. The need to communicate across largedistances is increasing in frequency. GPS surveys are conducted at distances of up to 25 kilometers anddepend upon synchronization between receivers during data collection. Any disruption from a singlestation in a GPS network can result in a total loss of effort.2-30. Digital. The primary focus of survey operations during wartime is to operate quickly over largedistances. This requires the ability to transmit data digitally over the battlefield. The type of data will belargely or entirely GPS data. In order for a survey team to provide accurate positions where needed andin a timely manner, they need to operate in real time without having to process out the error codeembedded in a GPS signal. The process of real-time GPS surveying begins with a base station receiverthat broadcasts corrections to the signals emanating from the GPS satellites. Army surveyors have twomeans of transmitting this data.a. Surveyors have an instrument known as a radio modem, designed primarily for broadcastingDGPS corrections or raw GPS data from a survey base station to one or more roving receivers for realtimedifferential or real-time kinematic (RTK) surveying. These radio modems require a line of sightbetween each instrument. They can be set up in a series of repeating stations that extend across thesurvey area. This system is effective only over a small, local area.EN0593 2-16