surveying iii (topographic and geodetic surveys) - Modern Prepper

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Figure 1-10. Simple Triangulation Net - Example 2d. Celestial Techniques. Celestial triangulation methods permit the extension of long arcs acrossoceans and inaccessible terrain. All of these methods--the star occultation, the moon-position camera,and the observation and tracking of artificial earth satellites possess one common characteristic--observed data is not affected by the direction of the vertical at the observation point. The solar eclipsemethod has been discontinued due to the infrequency of total solar eclipses and the inconvenience andfrequent inaccessibility of suitable observation sites located along the narrow path of the moon's shadow.(1) The star occultation method provides information similar to that obtained through a solareclipse from which the distance between observation points can be computed. This method is usedprimarily for connecting isolated islands in the ocean (Figure 1-11). Occultation may be defined as thepassing of a larger celestial body in front of a star. The moon, which is used as the occulting body forgeodesy, revolves around the earth about once a month and in its orbit blocks out certain stars. Usingtelescopes fitted with electronic observing and recording devices and a recording chronometer forprecise time determination, it is possible to record the exact instant of the occultation of a star. Fordetermining a position of a point on the earth, at least two pairs of observations are needed. A pairconsists of occultation measurements at one known station and at another station whose position shouldbe determined on the same datum as the known station. The same star must be observed on about thesame point of the moon's limb at both stations. An approximate geographic position of the point, whosegeodetic position has to be determined, is known for the prediction of the occultation. The observationsyield a correction to the assumed position of the unknown point.EN0593 1-14
Figure 1-11. Arc Distance Determination by Star Occultation(2) The moon-position camera method involves photographing the moon against a backgroundof stars. The camera eliminates the problem of the great difference in the motion of the moon and thestars. Important geodetic data can be obtained from plates exposed at well-distributed stations. Duringthe first international geophysical year (1 July 1957-31 December 1958), observations were made atseveral stations distributed throughout the world. The observed data is still being processed.(3) The observation and tracking of artificial earth satellites shows the most promise forobtaining valuable geodetic data in the future. After the satellite is in orbit around the earth, it ispossible to track it optically using specially constructed ballistic cameras or electronically by using thesequential collation of ranges (SECOR) system.(a) For optical tracking, the satellite is photographed from known and unknown observationpoints. The satellite, which is designed specifically for optical1-15 EN0593
Page 1 and 2: SUBCOURSEEN0593EDITIONAUNITED STATE
Page 3 and 4: TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE:ACTION:
Page 6 and 7: Part G: Adjusting Precise-Positioni
Page 8 and 9: PART A - FIGURES OF THE EARTH1-1. T
Page 10 and 11: Figure 1-2. Flattening Fractiona. T
Page 12 and 13: 1-3. Geoid. In geodesy, precise com
Page 15 and 16: point in the survey to provide the
Page 18 and 19: one side of a triangle and all of t
Page 22 and 23: observation, contains a light sourc
Page 24 and 25: of a horizontal rod with a small sp
Page 26 and 27: The Airy theory, announced by G. B.
Page 28 and 29: Figure 1-15. Products of the Gravim
Page 30 and 31: a. If the shape of the earth was ex
Page 32 and 33: Figure 1-16. Single Astronomic Stat
Page 34 and 35: Figure 1-17. Astro-Geodetic Deflect
Page 36 and 37: Figure 1-19. Astro-Geodetic Datum O
Page 38 and 39: (c) The significance of a gravity-o
Page 40 and 41: absolute deflections of the vertica
Page 42 and 43: Figure 1-23. Preferred Datumsa. The
Page 44 and 45: 1-17. The World Geodetic System. Be
Page 46 and 47: Figure 1-25. Using the Same Referen
Page 48 and 49: LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 50 and 51: 12. Which of the following is assum
Page 52 and 53: LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
Page 54 and 55: THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
Page 56 and 57: for all military and civilian activ
Page 58 and 59: i. Additional support for other top
Page 60 and 61: 2-7. Status. At present, topographi
Page 62 and 63: in both. (North American Datum of 1
Page 64 and 65: water can impede leveling operation
Page 66 and 67: A field recording booklet. A single
Page 68 and 69: PART I - OFFICE WORK2-24. General.
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PART J - SURVEY COMMUNICATION2-28.
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length or side is known, and all th
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second-order, Class I net. The leng
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The number of observations required
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to perform the reconnaissance. Fail
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and cultivated, or fields may have
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e an alphanumeric symbol that is st
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2-53. Intervisibility of Stations.
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station is (K/2) 2 x 0.0676, or one
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Figure 2-8. Similar Triangles Solut
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2-54. Height of Obstructions. It is
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authorized to change the name, it s
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Figure 2-12. Cells Connected in Par
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added as the cells weaken. Three un
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Figure 2-16. Construction Details f
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2-60. Wooden Towers. When it become
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LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
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11. The face of the 5-inch signal l
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LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
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average line in a triangulation sys
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3-4. Slope Measurements. The slope
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strip as close as possible to its f
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. Sight along the tops of both of t
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Column 1. Record the station number
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stake to steady it. With the back o
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Figure 3-3. DA Form 4446 (Sample of
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micrometer in this optical system i
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laterally across the front of the e
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Figure 3-7. Horizontal Circle and M
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out of adjustment. If the index mar
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(1) In order to avoid instrumental
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location of the vertical circle on
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Figure 3-13. Open Traversec. Closed
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designate the exact point of refere
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example, a line with an azimuth of
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When adjusting a traverse that star
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11. The unit of graduation on a hor
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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differential leveling. The theodoli
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additional runs are made due to exc
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Figure 4-2. Wild N-3 Precision Leve
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(8) Loosen the azimuth clamp (13),
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4.7. Miscellaneous Equipment. In ad
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(2) To check for gross errors in th
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(a) (1) Begin by completing the inf
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Set up and level the instrument. Re
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Figure 4-8. Sun and Wind Code(5) Th
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(10) Enter the interval between the
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Figure 4-9. Closed-Circuit River Cr
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Figure 4-11. Sample DA Form 5820 (R
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is 0. When the telescope is pointed
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stations. However, since all statio
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a. Complete the heading, as shown.b
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a. (1) Enter the date, as in the sa
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11. The maximum length of site to o
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PART A - GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
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5-7. Pseudorange. A pseudorange is
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5-15. Number of Pseudorange Observa
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i. Probable Error Measures. The acc
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Table 5-1. Representative GPS Error
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Table 5-2. Carrier Phase Trackinga.
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exercise extreme caution in applyin
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not be designed or performed to ach
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Table 5-3. GPS-S Design, Geometry,
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f. Multiple/Repeat Baseline Connect
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possible ionospheric and tropospher
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Figures 5-4. PDOP Versus Time PlotP
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e. Field Processing and Verificatio
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All carrier phase relative-surveyin
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time spent and the cost of conducti
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movement between occupation sites,
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5-37. General. GPS baseline solutio
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(1) Receiver Time. This technique u
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NOTE: Repeated baselines should be
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5-43. Loop Closure Checks. Postproc
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necessary to determine approximate
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This will ensure that future work w
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may (and usually does) far exceed t
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important in evaluating the overall
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i. Relative GPS baseline standard e
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12. When the networking method is s
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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FAR-77 obstructions. Aircraft-movem
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Figure 6-1. Imaginary SurfacesEN059
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Figure 6-3. Approach Surfacesa. Fed
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. Federal Aviation Regulation-77, S
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Table 6-4. Airport Obstruction Accu
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A horizontal scale of 1:12,000 and
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Figure 6-4. Sample DA Form 5821 (Ai
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Figure 6-5. Sample DA Form 5822 (PA
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Page 264:
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