surveying iii (topographic and geodetic surveys) - Modern Prepper

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i. Probable Error Measures. The accuracy of 3D GPS measurements is commonly expressed by thespherical error probable (SEP). The SEP represents the radius of a sphere with a 50 percent confidenceor probability level. This spheroid radial measure only approximates the actual 3D ellipsoidrepresenting the uncertainties in the geocentric coordinate system. A circular error probable (CEP)statistic is commonly used in 2D horizontal positioning, particularly in military targeting. The CEPrepresents the radius of a circle containing a 50 percent probability of position confidence.5-17. Accuracy Comparisons. It is important that GPS measurements clearly identify the statistic fromwhich they are derived. A 100-meter or positional variance-covariance matrix is meaningless unless it isidentified as being either 2D or 3D, along with the applicable probability level. For example, a PPS 16-meter 3-deviation accuracy is, by definition, an SEP (50 percent). This 16-meter SEP equates to a 28-meter 3D, 95 percent confidence spheroid. If transformed to 2D accuracy, the SEP equates roughly to a10-meter CEP, a 12-meter RMS, a 2-meter 2-deviation RMS, or a 36-meter 3-deviation RMS. Table 5-1shows additional information on GPS measurement statistics. Additionally, absolute GPS pointpositioningaccuracies are defined relative to an earth-centered coordinate system or datum. Thiscoordinate system differs significantly from local or construction datums. Nominal GPS accuracies mayalso be published as design or tolerance limits, and accuracies achieved can differ significantly fromthese values.5-18. Dilution of Precision. The final positional accuracy of a point, determined using absolute GPS-Stechniques, is directly related to the geometric strength of the configuration of satellites observed duringthe survey session. GPS errors resulting from satellite constellation geometry can be expressed in termsof DOP. In mathematical terms, DOP is a scalar quantity used in an expression of a ratio of thepositioning accuracy. It is the ratio of the standard deviation of one coordinate to the measurementaccuracy. DOP represents the geometrical contribution of a certain scalar factor to the uncertainty (suchas standard deviation) of a GPS measurement. DOP values are a function of diagonal elements of thecovariance matrices of the adjusted parameters for the observed GPS signal. DOP values are used inpoint formulations and determinations. In general terms, DOP is a scalar quantity of the contribution ofthe configuration of satellite constellation geometry to the GPS accuracy or a measure of the strength ofthe satellite constellation geometry. The more satellites that can be observed and used in the finalsolution, the better the solution. Since DOP can be used as a measure of geometrical strength, it can alsobe used to selectively choose four satellites in a particular constellation that will provide the bestsolution.EN0593 5-8
Table 5-1. Representative GPS Error-Measurement Statistics for Absolute Point Positioning5-9 EN0593
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SUBCOURSEEN0593EDITIONAUNITED STATE
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TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE:ACTION:
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Part G: Adjusting Precise-Positioni
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PART A - FIGURES OF THE EARTH1-1. T
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Figure 1-2. Flattening Fractiona. T
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1-3. Geoid. In geodesy, precise com
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point in the survey to provide the
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one side of a triangle and all of t
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Figure 1-10. Simple Triangulation N
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observation, contains a light sourc
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of a horizontal rod with a small sp
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The Airy theory, announced by G. B.
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Figure 1-15. Products of the Gravim
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a. If the shape of the earth was ex
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Figure 1-16. Single Astronomic Stat
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Figure 1-17. Astro-Geodetic Deflect
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Figure 1-19. Astro-Geodetic Datum O
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(c) The significance of a gravity-o
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absolute deflections of the vertica
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Figure 1-23. Preferred Datumsa. The
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1-17. The World Geodetic System. Be
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Figure 1-25. Using the Same Referen
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LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
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12. Which of the following is assum
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LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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for all military and civilian activ
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i. Additional support for other top
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2-7. Status. At present, topographi
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in both. (North American Datum of 1
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water can impede leveling operation
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A field recording booklet. A single
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PART I - OFFICE WORK2-24. General.
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PART J - SURVEY COMMUNICATION2-28.
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length or side is known, and all th
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second-order, Class I net. The leng
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The number of observations required
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to perform the reconnaissance. Fail
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and cultivated, or fields may have
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e an alphanumeric symbol that is st
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2-53. Intervisibility of Stations.
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station is (K/2) 2 x 0.0676, or one
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Figure 2-8. Similar Triangles Solut
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2-54. Height of Obstructions. It is
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authorized to change the name, it s
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Figure 2-12. Cells Connected in Par
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added as the cells weaken. Three un
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Figure 2-16. Construction Details f
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2-60. Wooden Towers. When it become
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11. The face of the 5-inch signal l
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average line in a triangulation sys
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3-4. Slope Measurements. The slope
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strip as close as possible to its f
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. Sight along the tops of both of t
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Column 1. Record the station number
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stake to steady it. With the back o
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Figure 3-3. DA Form 4446 (Sample of
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micrometer in this optical system i
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laterally across the front of the e
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Figure 3-7. Horizontal Circle and M
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out of adjustment. If the index mar
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(1) In order to avoid instrumental
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location of the vertical circle on
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Figure 3-13. Open Traversec. Closed
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designate the exact point of refere
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example, a line with an azimuth of
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When adjusting a traverse that star
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Page 144 and 145: 11. The unit of graduation on a hor
Page 146 and 147: LESSON 3PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
Page 148 and 149: THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
Page 150 and 151: differential leveling. The theodoli
Page 152 and 153: additional runs are made due to exc
Page 154 and 155: Figure 4-2. Wild N-3 Precision Leve
Page 156 and 157: (8) Loosen the azimuth clamp (13),
Page 158 and 159: 4.7. Miscellaneous Equipment. In ad
Page 160 and 161: (2) To check for gross errors in th
Page 162 and 163: (a) (1) Begin by completing the inf
Page 164 and 165: Set up and level the instrument. Re
Page 166 and 167: Figure 4-8. Sun and Wind Code(5) Th
Page 168 and 169: (10) Enter the interval between the
Page 170 and 171: Figure 4-9. Closed-Circuit River Cr
Page 172 and 173: Figure 4-11. Sample DA Form 5820 (R
Page 174 and 175: is 0. When the telescope is pointed
Page 176 and 177: stations. However, since all statio
Page 178 and 179: a. Complete the heading, as shown.b
Page 180 and 181: a. (1) Enter the date, as in the sa
Page 182 and 183: LESSON 4PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 184 and 185: 11. The maximum length of site to o
Page 188 and 189: PART A - GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
Page 190 and 191: 5-7. Pseudorange. A pseudorange is
Page 192 and 193: 5-15. Number of Pseudorange Observa
Page 196 and 197: Table 5-1. Representative GPS Error
Page 198 and 199: Table 5-2. Carrier Phase Trackinga.
Page 200 and 201: exercise extreme caution in applyin
Page 202 and 203: not be designed or performed to ach
Page 204 and 205: Table 5-3. GPS-S Design, Geometry,
Page 206 and 207: f. Multiple/Repeat Baseline Connect
Page 208 and 209: possible ionospheric and tropospher
Page 210 and 211: Figures 5-4. PDOP Versus Time PlotP
Page 212 and 213: e. Field Processing and Verificatio
Page 214 and 215: All carrier phase relative-surveyin
Page 216 and 217: time spent and the cost of conducti
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Page 220 and 221: 5-37. General. GPS baseline solutio
Page 222 and 223: (1) Receiver Time. This technique u
Page 224 and 225: NOTE: Repeated baselines should be
Page 226 and 227: 5-43. Loop Closure Checks. Postproc
Page 228 and 229: necessary to determine approximate
Page 230 and 231: This will ensure that future work w
Page 232 and 233: may (and usually does) far exceed t
Page 234 and 235: important in evaluating the overall
Page 236 and 237: i. Relative GPS baseline standard e
Page 238 and 239: LESSON 5PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 240 and 241: 12. When the networking method is s
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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FAR-77 obstructions. Aircraft-movem
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Figure 6-1. Imaginary SurfacesEN059
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Figure 6-3. Approach Surfacesa. Fed
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. Federal Aviation Regulation-77, S
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Table 6-4. Airport Obstruction Accu
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A horizontal scale of 1:12,000 and
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Figure 6-4. Sample DA Form 5821 (Ai
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Figure 6-5. Sample DA Form 5822 (PA
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