surveying iii (topographic and geodetic surveys) - Modern Prepper

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in both. (North American Datum of 1983 [NAD 83] and WGS 84 are the same). Mean Sea Level of1929 (MSL 29) is used for vertical control points. The continental United States (CONUS) uses thefollowing terms: Basic horizontal-control networks are usually established by first-order geodetictriangulation, precise traverse, or GPS. The lines of the basic network are spaced throughouta country at intervals of about 96 kilometers. Basic vertical-control networks are established throughout the country by first-orderdifferential leveling in areas spaced from 90 to 160 kilometers apart. Permanent benchmarks(PBMs) are spaced at intervals of about 3 kilometers on these lines. Supplementary horizontal-control networks are usually established by second-order surveytechniques. These supplementary networks are used to fill in the areas between the basiccontrol lines. Ultimately, either a basic or a supplementary network station will be spaced atintervals of about 6 to 16 kilometers. Supplementary vertical-control networks are established by second-order differentialleveling. These lines are run within the basic control arcs to provide planned control-linespacing at intervals of about 10 kilometers. PBMs are emplaced on these lines at intervals ofabout 2 kilometers. Horizontal auxiliary-control networks are usually established by second- or third-ordersurvey techniques. They provide localized control to be used by surveyors for artillerycontrol, construction engineering surveys, mapping projects, or other positioningrequirements. As more states and other agencies require geodetic accuracy for boundary andproperty surveys, they will use these networks. Auxiliary vertical-control networks are established by third-order differential leveling and areused to provide localized vertical control. They are also used to support artillery,construction, and engineering projects.PART G - SURVEY EQUIPMENT2-10. Conventional Survey Equipment. Topographic surveyors have theodolites, levels, andelectronic distance-measuring equipment (EDME) in their equipment inventory. The AISI providestopographic surveyors with the capability to extend control in a timelier and more efficient manner. TheAISI is a total station that combines angular, distance, and vertical measurements into a single electronicinstrument that is designed to digitally record and transfer data into a computer.EN0593 2-8
2-11. Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging Global Positioning System. The NAVSTAR GPS iscapable of determining accurate positional, velocity, and timing information. The PPS consists ofmilitary users and authorized representatives. A PPS user can obtain high-accuracy instantaneouspositioning if the receiver is capable of accepting the necessary cryptologic variables. When two ormore receivers are used, it is known as DGPS surveying. The error values are determined and removedfrom the survey either by real time or postprocessing of the data. The type of DGPS survey used isdependent on accuracy requirements. There are two basic types of DGPS surveys--static and dynamic.a. Static surveying uses a stationary network of receivers that collect simultaneous observationsover a predetermined time interval. They yield the best accuracy.b. Dynamic surveying uses one stationary receiver and any number of remote or roving receivers. Itallows for rapid movement and collection of data over a large area. When operating in a real-time mode,the roving receiver provides very accurate positions almost instantaneously on the battlefield.2-12. Computer Information Systems. Surveying has become a digital science. Modern surveysystems work with software specifically designed to process field data, perform computations, andproduce a precise product, whether it be a GPS network, a digital database, or computer-aided design(CAD) and computer-aided design and drafting (CADD). GPS-S computations require a computersystem to process large amounts of mathematic variables. Efforts should be ongoing to obtain orupgrade to the fastest system available. Computer resources are standardized throughout TOE units withtopographic surveyors. Application (such as databases or word processing) and functional (such asadjustment or CAD) software packages have increased the efficiency and productivity of topographicsurveyors. The SIC collects and disseminates the positioning and orientation requirements of NIMA,FA, ADA, USAF, and armor units and maintains a digital database capable of archiving, querying, andmanipulating survey control. Topographic surveyors are equipped with common GPS hardware andsoftware and CAD and survey-application software.PART H - FIELDWORK2-13. General. Topographic surveyors perform most of their operational duties away from the parentunit, in constantly changing conditions. Survey fieldwork consists of making observations andmeasurements over a project area or battlefield; recording data; and returning the data to the computer ordraftsman for computation, compilation, and dissemination.2-14. Weather and Terrain. Weather and terrain can adversely affect field surveys. The effectivenessof optical and electro-optical instruments can be severely reduced by fog, mist, smog, or ground haze.Swamps and flood plains under high2-9 EN0593
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SUBCOURSEEN0593EDITIONAUNITED STATE
Page 3 and 4:
TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE:ACTION:
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Part G: Adjusting Precise-Positioni
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PART A - FIGURES OF THE EARTH1-1. T
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Figure 1-2. Flattening Fractiona. T
Page 12 and 13: 1-3. Geoid. In geodesy, precise com
Page 15 and 16: point in the survey to provide the
Page 18 and 19: one side of a triangle and all of t
Page 20 and 21: Figure 1-10. Simple Triangulation N
Page 22 and 23: observation, contains a light sourc
Page 24 and 25: of a horizontal rod with a small sp
Page 26 and 27: The Airy theory, announced by G. B.
Page 28 and 29: Figure 1-15. Products of the Gravim
Page 30 and 31: a. If the shape of the earth was ex
Page 32 and 33: Figure 1-16. Single Astronomic Stat
Page 34 and 35: Figure 1-17. Astro-Geodetic Deflect
Page 36 and 37: Figure 1-19. Astro-Geodetic Datum O
Page 38 and 39: (c) The significance of a gravity-o
Page 40 and 41: absolute deflections of the vertica
Page 42 and 43: Figure 1-23. Preferred Datumsa. The
Page 44 and 45: 1-17. The World Geodetic System. Be
Page 46 and 47: Figure 1-25. Using the Same Referen
Page 48 and 49: LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 50 and 51: 12. Which of the following is assum
Page 52 and 53: LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
Page 54 and 55: THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
Page 56 and 57: for all military and civilian activ
Page 58 and 59: i. Additional support for other top
Page 60 and 61: 2-7. Status. At present, topographi
Page 64 and 65: water can impede leveling operation
Page 66 and 67: A field recording booklet. A single
Page 68 and 69: PART I - OFFICE WORK2-24. General.
Page 70 and 71: PART J - SURVEY COMMUNICATION2-28.
Page 72 and 73: length or side is known, and all th
Page 74 and 75: second-order, Class I net. The leng
Page 76 and 77: The number of observations required
Page 78 and 79: to perform the reconnaissance. Fail
Page 80 and 81: and cultivated, or fields may have
Page 82 and 83: e an alphanumeric symbol that is st
Page 84 and 85: 2-53. Intervisibility of Stations.
Page 86 and 87: station is (K/2) 2 x 0.0676, or one
Page 88 and 89: Figure 2-8. Similar Triangles Solut
Page 90 and 91: 2-54. Height of Obstructions. It is
Page 92 and 93: authorized to change the name, it s
Page 94 and 95: Figure 2-12. Cells Connected in Par
Page 96 and 97: added as the cells weaken. Three un
Page 98 and 99: Figure 2-16. Construction Details f
Page 100 and 101: 2-60. Wooden Towers. When it become
Page 102 and 103: LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 104 and 105: 11. The face of the 5-inch signal l
Page 106 and 107: LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
Page 108 and 109: average line in a triangulation sys
Page 110 and 111: 3-4. Slope Measurements. The slope
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strip as close as possible to its f
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. Sight along the tops of both of t
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Column 1. Record the station number
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stake to steady it. With the back o
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Figure 3-3. DA Form 4446 (Sample of
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micrometer in this optical system i
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laterally across the front of the e
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Figure 3-7. Horizontal Circle and M
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out of adjustment. If the index mar
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(1) In order to avoid instrumental
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location of the vertical circle on
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Figure 3-13. Open Traversec. Closed
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designate the exact point of refere
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example, a line with an azimuth of
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When adjusting a traverse that star
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LESSON 3PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
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11. The unit of graduation on a hor
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LESSON 3PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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differential leveling. The theodoli
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additional runs are made due to exc
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Figure 4-2. Wild N-3 Precision Leve
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(8) Loosen the azimuth clamp (13),
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4.7. Miscellaneous Equipment. In ad
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(2) To check for gross errors in th
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(a) (1) Begin by completing the inf
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Set up and level the instrument. Re
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Figure 4-8. Sun and Wind Code(5) Th
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(10) Enter the interval between the
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Figure 4-9. Closed-Circuit River Cr
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Figure 4-11. Sample DA Form 5820 (R
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is 0. When the telescope is pointed
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stations. However, since all statio
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a. Complete the heading, as shown.b
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a. (1) Enter the date, as in the sa
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Page 184 and 185:
11. The maximum length of site to o
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Page 188 and 189:
PART A - GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
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5-7. Pseudorange. A pseudorange is
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5-15. Number of Pseudorange Observa
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i. Probable Error Measures. The acc
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Table 5-1. Representative GPS Error
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Table 5-2. Carrier Phase Trackinga.
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exercise extreme caution in applyin
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not be designed or performed to ach
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Table 5-3. GPS-S Design, Geometry,
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f. Multiple/Repeat Baseline Connect
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possible ionospheric and tropospher
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Figures 5-4. PDOP Versus Time PlotP
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e. Field Processing and Verificatio
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All carrier phase relative-surveyin
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time spent and the cost of conducti
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movement between occupation sites,
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5-37. General. GPS baseline solutio
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(1) Receiver Time. This technique u
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NOTE: Repeated baselines should be
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5-43. Loop Closure Checks. Postproc
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necessary to determine approximate
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This will ensure that future work w
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may (and usually does) far exceed t
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important in evaluating the overall
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i. Relative GPS baseline standard e
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12. When the networking method is s
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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FAR-77 obstructions. Aircraft-movem
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Figure 6-1. Imaginary SurfacesEN059
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Figure 6-3. Approach Surfacesa. Fed
Page 252 and 253:
. Federal Aviation Regulation-77, S
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Table 6-4. Airport Obstruction Accu
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A horizontal scale of 1:12,000 and
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Figure 6-4. Sample DA Form 5821 (Ai
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Figure 6-5. Sample DA Form 5822 (PA
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264:
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