surveying iii (topographic and geodetic surveys) - Modern Prepper

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2-7. Status. At present, topographic surveyors have standardized PPS GPS receivers. These receivershave improved the efficiency and productivity of topographic surveyors and provided the DefenseMapping School (DMS) and the United States Army Engineer School (USAES) a background on thetraining, operational, and research and development requirements necessary to successfully field theGPS. The new GPS-S provides adequate absolute-positioning results and is designed to provideprotection in a jamming/spoofing environment. The requirement for a PPS GPS receiver that is capableof performing DGPS when using military's authorized, encrypted pseudorandom noise (PRN) code hasbeen met. This receiver satisfies the positional accuracy requirements of the Army, the DOD, and jointlevelcommands.PART E - SURVEY CLASSIFICATIONS2-8. General. Topographic surveyors are capable of conducting and supporting a wide variety ofsurveys.a. Artillery surveys are conducted to determine the relative positions of weapons systems to targets.These surveys do not require the accuracy of geodetic-surveying techniques despite the relatively largeareas and long distances. The requirements, methods, and techniques used by military FA surveyors aredetailed in FM 6-2. ADA weapon systems require accuracies that are obtainable only from geodeticsurveyingtechniques.b. Basic-control surveys provide horizontal and vertical positions of points. Supplementary surveysmay originate from, and can be adjusted to, these surveys. The basic-control survey of the US providesgeographic positions and plane coordinates of triangulation/traverse stations and the elevations orbenchmarks (BMs). This information is used as the basis for the control of the US national topographicsurvey; many state, city, and private surveys; and hydrographic surveys of coastal waters. Thetechniques and methods used by military geodetic surveyors are discussed in this manual.c. Satellite surveys determine high-accuracy, three-dimensional (3D) point positions from signalsreceived by NAVSTAR GPS satellites. GPS-derived positions may be used to provide primaryreference-control monument locations for engineering and construction projects from which detailed siteplans, topographic mapping, boundary demarcation, and construction-alignment work may be performedusing conventional surveying instruments and techniques.d. Construction surveys provide data for planning and cost estimating. They are essential to locateor lay out engineering works and are recorded on engineer maps. Plane surveys are normally used forconstruction projects. The methods and techniques used by military construction surveyors are detailedin FM 5-233.EN0593 2-6
e. Airfield-engineering and NAVAID surveys are used to determine any combination of thefollowing: The location of obstacles within 10 nautical miles of an airfield center. The dimensions of runways and taxiways, the height of flight towers, and the availability ofNAVAIDs. The safe approach angles to runways and the minimum safe glide angle. The elevation of the barometer on an airfield. The positions and azimuths of points designated for INS checkpoints. The requirements of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the USAASA, or anequivalent military activity. The information used to assist a military-aircraft crash or disaster incident investigation.f. Hydrographic surveys are performed on large bodies of water to determine the channel depths fornavigation and the location of rocks, sandbars, lights, and buoys. In rivers, these surveys are performedto support flood-control projects, power development, navigation, water supplies, and water storage.g. Field classification and inspection surveys can help to identify features not normally revealedusing a compiler, such as political-boundary lines, names of places, road classifications, and buildingsobscured by trees. These surveys can also clarify aerial photographs by using comparisons with actualground conditions.h. Land surveys are used to locate boundaries and tracts of land on a city, county, state, national, orinternational level.i. Inertial surveys are used to determine relative positions and azimuths. The Position and AzimuthDetermination System (PADS) is now being used extensively to support artillery surveys.PART F - SURVEY NETWORKS2-9. General. Each survey has a fundamental classification of control points called a network. Thereare several different types of networks. A network of control areas usually establishes horizontal andvertical SCPs within a country. These areas are all referenced to a single datum and are related inposition or elevation to each other. Networks are called basic, supplementary, and auxiliary. Allhorizontal networks in the US are referenced to the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 27) andNorth American Datum of 1984 (NAD 84) with coordinates currently published2-7 EN0593
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SUBCOURSEEN0593EDITIONAUNITED STATE
Page 3 and 4:
TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE:ACTION:
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Part G: Adjusting Precise-Positioni
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PART A - FIGURES OF THE EARTH1-1. T
Page 10 and 11: Figure 1-2. Flattening Fractiona. T
Page 12 and 13: 1-3. Geoid. In geodesy, precise com
Page 15 and 16: point in the survey to provide the
Page 18 and 19: one side of a triangle and all of t
Page 20 and 21: Figure 1-10. Simple Triangulation N
Page 22 and 23: observation, contains a light sourc
Page 24 and 25: of a horizontal rod with a small sp
Page 26 and 27: The Airy theory, announced by G. B.
Page 28 and 29: Figure 1-15. Products of the Gravim
Page 30 and 31: a. If the shape of the earth was ex
Page 32 and 33: Figure 1-16. Single Astronomic Stat
Page 34 and 35: Figure 1-17. Astro-Geodetic Deflect
Page 36 and 37: Figure 1-19. Astro-Geodetic Datum O
Page 38 and 39: (c) The significance of a gravity-o
Page 40 and 41: absolute deflections of the vertica
Page 42 and 43: Figure 1-23. Preferred Datumsa. The
Page 44 and 45: 1-17. The World Geodetic System. Be
Page 46 and 47: Figure 1-25. Using the Same Referen
Page 48 and 49: LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 50 and 51: 12. Which of the following is assum
Page 52 and 53: LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
Page 54 and 55: THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
Page 56 and 57: for all military and civilian activ
Page 58 and 59: i. Additional support for other top
Page 62 and 63: in both. (North American Datum of 1
Page 64 and 65: water can impede leveling operation
Page 66 and 67: A field recording booklet. A single
Page 68 and 69: PART I - OFFICE WORK2-24. General.
Page 70 and 71: PART J - SURVEY COMMUNICATION2-28.
Page 72 and 73: length or side is known, and all th
Page 74 and 75: second-order, Class I net. The leng
Page 76 and 77: The number of observations required
Page 78 and 79: to perform the reconnaissance. Fail
Page 80 and 81: and cultivated, or fields may have
Page 82 and 83: e an alphanumeric symbol that is st
Page 84 and 85: 2-53. Intervisibility of Stations.
Page 86 and 87: station is (K/2) 2 x 0.0676, or one
Page 88 and 89: Figure 2-8. Similar Triangles Solut
Page 90 and 91: 2-54. Height of Obstructions. It is
Page 92 and 93: authorized to change the name, it s
Page 94 and 95: Figure 2-12. Cells Connected in Par
Page 96 and 97: added as the cells weaken. Three un
Page 98 and 99: Figure 2-16. Construction Details f
Page 100 and 101: 2-60. Wooden Towers. When it become
Page 102 and 103: LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 104 and 105: 11. The face of the 5-inch signal l
Page 106 and 107: LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
Page 108 and 109: average line in a triangulation sys
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3-4. Slope Measurements. The slope
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strip as close as possible to its f
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. Sight along the tops of both of t
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Column 1. Record the station number
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stake to steady it. With the back o
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Figure 3-3. DA Form 4446 (Sample of
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micrometer in this optical system i
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laterally across the front of the e
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Figure 3-7. Horizontal Circle and M
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out of adjustment. If the index mar
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(1) In order to avoid instrumental
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location of the vertical circle on
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Figure 3-13. Open Traversec. Closed
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designate the exact point of refere
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example, a line with an azimuth of
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When adjusting a traverse that star
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LESSON 3PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
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11. The unit of graduation on a hor
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LESSON 3PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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differential leveling. The theodoli
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additional runs are made due to exc
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Figure 4-2. Wild N-3 Precision Leve
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(8) Loosen the azimuth clamp (13),
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4.7. Miscellaneous Equipment. In ad
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(2) To check for gross errors in th
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(a) (1) Begin by completing the inf
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Set up and level the instrument. Re
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Figure 4-8. Sun and Wind Code(5) Th
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(10) Enter the interval between the
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Figure 4-9. Closed-Circuit River Cr
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Figure 4-11. Sample DA Form 5820 (R
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is 0. When the telescope is pointed
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stations. However, since all statio
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a. Complete the heading, as shown.b
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a. (1) Enter the date, as in the sa
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11. The maximum length of site to o
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PART A - GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
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5-7. Pseudorange. A pseudorange is
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5-15. Number of Pseudorange Observa
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i. Probable Error Measures. The acc
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Table 5-1. Representative GPS Error
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Table 5-2. Carrier Phase Trackinga.
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exercise extreme caution in applyin
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not be designed or performed to ach
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Table 5-3. GPS-S Design, Geometry,
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f. Multiple/Repeat Baseline Connect
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possible ionospheric and tropospher
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Figures 5-4. PDOP Versus Time PlotP
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e. Field Processing and Verificatio
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All carrier phase relative-surveyin
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time spent and the cost of conducti
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movement between occupation sites,
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5-37. General. GPS baseline solutio
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(1) Receiver Time. This technique u
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NOTE: Repeated baselines should be
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5-43. Loop Closure Checks. Postproc
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necessary to determine approximate
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This will ensure that future work w
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may (and usually does) far exceed t
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important in evaluating the overall
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i. Relative GPS baseline standard e
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12. When the networking method is s
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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FAR-77 obstructions. Aircraft-movem
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Figure 6-1. Imaginary SurfacesEN059
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Figure 6-3. Approach Surfacesa. Fed
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. Federal Aviation Regulation-77, S
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Table 6-4. Airport Obstruction Accu
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A horizontal scale of 1:12,000 and
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Figure 6-4. Sample DA Form 5821 (Ai
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Figure 6-5. Sample DA Form 5822 (PA
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