surveying iii (topographic and geodetic surveys) - Modern Prepper

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strip as close as possible to its forward end, and make rear contact at this point. Use a pair of dividersand a millimeter scale to measure the distance between the two scratches on the rear metal strip. Addthis distance to the length of the baseline. This operation is known as setting forward or setup. Theopposite situation occurs when the forward graduations overshoot their post. This operation is known assetting backward or setback.(2) The recorder ensures that no blunders are committed, such as dropping or adding a tapelength or recording a half-tape length as a full tape. He must check the chalked numbers on each stakeas it is reached to ensure that he completes all the notes necessary for a definite and correct interpretationof the record. He must check the measurements of setups and setbacks and have the contact man checkthe entry in the record book.d. The front stretcher man applies the proper tension to the tape by means of a tape stretcher with aspring balance attached to the forward end of the tape (Figure 3-1). A tape stretcher consists of twostaves of steel tubing, pointed at the bottom, and wooden tops. A loose-fitting leather loop, with anattachment to receive the looped end of the tape, slips over the staff at the rear end of the tape. A framefor holding the spring balance is attached to the forward staff by means of a spring friction grip. Inmoving forward, the front stretcher man carries the front stretcher and balance, detached from the tape.As the tape is brought forward into position, he holds the spring balance hook in such a position that thetape can be quickly attached. As the tape is attached, he places the staff in line with the stakes, at theproper distance from the front stake, and applies the tension. The tension is applied rapidly at first and isincreased gradually as he nears the 15-kilogram point. Under tension, the tape must clear the top of theforward stake and not drag over it; otherwise, the full tension will not be transmitted throughout the tape.Figure 3-1. Tape Stretcher and Spring BalanceEN0593 3-6
e. The rear stretcher man holds the rear stretcher in position while the tension is applied, so that therear terminal mark on the tape is opposite to or slightly forward of the mark on the copper strip on therear stake. He approaches the rear stake and places the staff firmly in the ground at the proper distance,directly in line with the other stakes, while he simultaneously slips on the leather loop to the properheight on the staff. To maintain steady pressure on the staff, the rear stretcher man should have the topback of the staff resting on one of his shoulders, with his body leaning forward. With full tensionapplied, the tape should be a few millimeters above the top of the stake.f. The middleman is primarily concerned with the intermediate stakes along the baseline. He mustmove forward, carrying the tape, and place it on the middle support as tension is applied. If a nail isused as a middle support for the tape, he must rapidly and lightly tap the underside of the tape to reducethe friction at the moment of the reading. He must also ensure that the tape is not in contact with weeds,brush, or other obstructions and that the middle support is not more than 10 centimeters from the middlemark on the tape at the time of the reading.The middleman also notifies the recorder of all middle supports marked broken grade. A brokengrade is an intermediate support which is not on grade. If the intermediate support between the tapeends cannot be placed so that it will be down to grade with the terminal posts, it should be numberedwith colored chalk and marked with a piece of cloth so that it is noticed and touched upon by the levelman. All stakes should be numbered with colored crayon as they are driven. Intermediate supportsabove grade should be given a fractional number.3-8. Run a Baseline. The top of a rail of a railroad track or the surface of a concrete roadway ofuniform grade may be used for baseline measurements. However, these surfaces should not be usedwhen their temperatures are appreciably different from that of the surrounding air.a. If the baseline is over uneven ground, provide supports for the tape using substantial posts, 2 by 4inches or 4 by 4 inches, driven firmly in the ground. To run a baseline, the first task is to set these posts.Clear the baseline so that the ends are intervisible. Set up the theodolite at one end of the line, and setthe sight (range pole) at the terminating end of the baseline. Carefully adjust the theodolite to theforesight. Drive the posts on the line, accurately spaced 50 meters between centers. The tops of thestakes should not be less than 10 inches or more than 24 inches above the surface of the ground andshould be driven to a firm footing. Halfway (25 meters) between terminal posts, drive a 2- by 4-inchstake. Offset the face of the stake 1 inch from the line of sight. All stakes should be offset on the sameside of the line of sight.3-7 EN0593
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SUBCOURSEEN0593EDITIONAUNITED STATE
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TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE:ACTION:
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Part G: Adjusting Precise-Positioni
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PART A - FIGURES OF THE EARTH1-1. T
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Figure 1-2. Flattening Fractiona. T
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1-3. Geoid. In geodesy, precise com
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point in the survey to provide the
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one side of a triangle and all of t
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Figure 1-10. Simple Triangulation N
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observation, contains a light sourc
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of a horizontal rod with a small sp
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The Airy theory, announced by G. B.
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Figure 1-15. Products of the Gravim
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a. If the shape of the earth was ex
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Figure 1-16. Single Astronomic Stat
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Figure 1-17. Astro-Geodetic Deflect
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Figure 1-19. Astro-Geodetic Datum O
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(c) The significance of a gravity-o
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absolute deflections of the vertica
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Figure 1-23. Preferred Datumsa. The
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1-17. The World Geodetic System. Be
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Figure 1-25. Using the Same Referen
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LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
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12. Which of the following is assum
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LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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for all military and civilian activ
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i. Additional support for other top
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2-7. Status. At present, topographi
Page 62 and 63: in both. (North American Datum of 1
Page 64 and 65: water can impede leveling operation
Page 66 and 67: A field recording booklet. A single
Page 68 and 69: PART I - OFFICE WORK2-24. General.
Page 70 and 71: PART J - SURVEY COMMUNICATION2-28.
Page 72 and 73: length or side is known, and all th
Page 74 and 75: second-order, Class I net. The leng
Page 76 and 77: The number of observations required
Page 78 and 79: to perform the reconnaissance. Fail
Page 80 and 81: and cultivated, or fields may have
Page 82 and 83: e an alphanumeric symbol that is st
Page 84 and 85: 2-53. Intervisibility of Stations.
Page 86 and 87: station is (K/2) 2 x 0.0676, or one
Page 88 and 89: Figure 2-8. Similar Triangles Solut
Page 90 and 91: 2-54. Height of Obstructions. It is
Page 92 and 93: authorized to change the name, it s
Page 94 and 95: Figure 2-12. Cells Connected in Par
Page 96 and 97: added as the cells weaken. Three un
Page 98 and 99: Figure 2-16. Construction Details f
Page 100 and 101: 2-60. Wooden Towers. When it become
Page 102 and 103: LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 104 and 105: 11. The face of the 5-inch signal l
Page 106 and 107: LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
Page 108 and 109: average line in a triangulation sys
Page 110 and 111: 3-4. Slope Measurements. The slope
Page 114 and 115: . Sight along the tops of both of t
Page 116 and 117: Column 1. Record the station number
Page 118 and 119: stake to steady it. With the back o
Page 120 and 121: Figure 3-3. DA Form 4446 (Sample of
Page 122 and 123: micrometer in this optical system i
Page 124 and 125: laterally across the front of the e
Page 126 and 127: Figure 3-7. Horizontal Circle and M
Page 128 and 129: out of adjustment. If the index mar
Page 130 and 131: (1) In order to avoid instrumental
Page 132 and 133: location of the vertical circle on
Page 134 and 135: Figure 3-13. Open Traversec. Closed
Page 136 and 137: designate the exact point of refere
Page 138 and 139: example, a line with an azimuth of
Page 140 and 141: When adjusting a traverse that star
Page 142 and 143: LESSON 3PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 144 and 145: 11. The unit of graduation on a hor
Page 146 and 147: LESSON 3PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
Page 148 and 149: THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
Page 150 and 151: differential leveling. The theodoli
Page 152 and 153: additional runs are made due to exc
Page 154 and 155: Figure 4-2. Wild N-3 Precision Leve
Page 156 and 157: (8) Loosen the azimuth clamp (13),
Page 158 and 159: 4.7. Miscellaneous Equipment. In ad
Page 160 and 161: (2) To check for gross errors in th
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(a) (1) Begin by completing the inf
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Set up and level the instrument. Re
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Figure 4-8. Sun and Wind Code(5) Th
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(10) Enter the interval between the
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Figure 4-9. Closed-Circuit River Cr
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Figure 4-11. Sample DA Form 5820 (R
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is 0. When the telescope is pointed
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stations. However, since all statio
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a. Complete the heading, as shown.b
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a. (1) Enter the date, as in the sa
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11. The maximum length of site to o
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PART A - GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
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5-7. Pseudorange. A pseudorange is
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5-15. Number of Pseudorange Observa
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i. Probable Error Measures. The acc
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Table 5-1. Representative GPS Error
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Table 5-2. Carrier Phase Trackinga.
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exercise extreme caution in applyin
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not be designed or performed to ach
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Table 5-3. GPS-S Design, Geometry,
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f. Multiple/Repeat Baseline Connect
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possible ionospheric and tropospher
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Figures 5-4. PDOP Versus Time PlotP
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e. Field Processing and Verificatio
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All carrier phase relative-surveyin
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time spent and the cost of conducti
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movement between occupation sites,
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5-37. General. GPS baseline solutio
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(1) Receiver Time. This technique u
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NOTE: Repeated baselines should be
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5-43. Loop Closure Checks. Postproc
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necessary to determine approximate
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This will ensure that future work w
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may (and usually does) far exceed t
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important in evaluating the overall
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i. Relative GPS baseline standard e
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12. When the networking method is s
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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FAR-77 obstructions. Aircraft-movem
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Figure 6-1. Imaginary SurfacesEN059
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Figure 6-3. Approach Surfacesa. Fed
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. Federal Aviation Regulation-77, S
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Table 6-4. Airport Obstruction Accu
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A horizontal scale of 1:12,000 and
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Figure 6-4. Sample DA Form 5821 (Ai
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Figure 6-5. Sample DA Form 5822 (PA
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