surveying iii (topographic and geodetic surveys) - Modern Prepper

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Figure 1-16. Single Astronomic Station Datum Orientation(2) Astronomic-Geodetic Method. When comparing the geodetic and astronomic coordinates ofa point, discrepancies will normally be found between the two sets of values. The deflection of thevertical angle, formed by the intersection of the ellipsoid and geoid normals, is usually expressed interms of north-south and east-west. The north-south component, frequently called the meridionalcomponent, is equal to the difference between geodetic and astronomic latitude. The east-westcomponent is proportional to the difference between the geodetic and the astronomic longitude andproportional to the difference between the geodetic and the astronomic azimuth. Consequently, the eastwestcomponent can be found in two ways. From the two ways of expressing the east-west component,we derive what is known as the Laplace equation.(a) Since the Laplace equation is derived from certain mathematical relationships whichinvolve the components of the deflection of the vertical along with astronomical and geodetic latitude,longitude, and azimuth, the following equations shown in Table 1-2, page 1-28, may be moreenlightening:EN0593 1-26
Table 1-2. Deviation of the Laplace Equation(b) Refer to Table 1-2, and note that equations (1), (2), and (3) use the gravimetric method toobtain the components of the deflection of the vertical (ξ and η). If the astronomical coordinates andazimuth have been observed, the geodetic coordinates can be computed. The largest computeddifference in position between astronomic and geodetic observations is approximately 1,000 feet. Theaverage difference between the computed positions is somewhere in the neighborhood of 300 feet.These differences in position look very small. However, we are looking for a precise position;consequently, the geodesist must indicate the exact pinpoint position, not an approximation. This isespecially critical at the initial point of any weapons system since any deviation will influence the finallocation of the impact area.(c) The Laplace equation (5) in Table 1-2 is important because it gives the relationshipbetween the azimuth and longitude differences without knowing the components of the deflection of thevertical. In survey networks this fundamental relationship is used as a check to determine the accuracyof the observed geodetic and astronomic data.(d) The astro-geodetic deflections of the vertical are only relative since the deflections of thevertical are computed with respect to a specific ellipsoid. If the ellipsoid is changed, the deflections ofthe vertical also change (Figure 1-17). It is necessary to assume a specific orientation of the referenceellipsoid with respect to the geoid before computing the astro-geodetic deflections. This orientation isfixed by the initial values of the datum point from which the geodetic coordinates were computed. Anychange in these initial values, therefore, changes the deflection of the vertical at each point.Consequently, the astro-geodetic deflections of the vertical have the same restrictions as the geodeticpositions. They are related to the geodetic datum.1-27 EN0593
Page 1 and 2: SUBCOURSEEN0593EDITIONAUNITED STATE
Page 3 and 4: TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE:ACTION:
Page 6 and 7: Part G: Adjusting Precise-Positioni
Page 8 and 9: PART A - FIGURES OF THE EARTH1-1. T
Page 10 and 11: Figure 1-2. Flattening Fractiona. T
Page 12 and 13: 1-3. Geoid. In geodesy, precise com
Page 15 and 16: point in the survey to provide the
Page 18 and 19: one side of a triangle and all of t
Page 20 and 21: Figure 1-10. Simple Triangulation N
Page 22 and 23: observation, contains a light sourc
Page 24 and 25: of a horizontal rod with a small sp
Page 26 and 27: The Airy theory, announced by G. B.
Page 28 and 29: Figure 1-15. Products of the Gravim
Page 30 and 31: a. If the shape of the earth was ex
Page 34 and 35: Figure 1-17. Astro-Geodetic Deflect
Page 36 and 37: Figure 1-19. Astro-Geodetic Datum O
Page 38 and 39: (c) The significance of a gravity-o
Page 40 and 41: absolute deflections of the vertica
Page 42 and 43: Figure 1-23. Preferred Datumsa. The
Page 44 and 45: 1-17. The World Geodetic System. Be
Page 46 and 47: Figure 1-25. Using the Same Referen
Page 48 and 49: LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 50 and 51: 12. Which of the following is assum
Page 52 and 53: LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
Page 54 and 55: THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
Page 56 and 57: for all military and civilian activ
Page 58 and 59: i. Additional support for other top
Page 60 and 61: 2-7. Status. At present, topographi
Page 62 and 63: in both. (North American Datum of 1
Page 64 and 65: water can impede leveling operation
Page 66 and 67: A field recording booklet. A single
Page 68 and 69: PART I - OFFICE WORK2-24. General.
Page 70 and 71: PART J - SURVEY COMMUNICATION2-28.
Page 72 and 73: length or side is known, and all th
Page 74 and 75: second-order, Class I net. The leng
Page 76 and 77: The number of observations required
Page 78 and 79: to perform the reconnaissance. Fail
Page 80 and 81: and cultivated, or fields may have
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e an alphanumeric symbol that is st
Page 84 and 85:
2-53. Intervisibility of Stations.
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station is (K/2) 2 x 0.0676, or one
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Figure 2-8. Similar Triangles Solut
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2-54. Height of Obstructions. It is
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authorized to change the name, it s
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Figure 2-12. Cells Connected in Par
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added as the cells weaken. Three un
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Figure 2-16. Construction Details f
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2-60. Wooden Towers. When it become
Page 102 and 103:
LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
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11. The face of the 5-inch signal l
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LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
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average line in a triangulation sys
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3-4. Slope Measurements. The slope
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strip as close as possible to its f
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. Sight along the tops of both of t
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Column 1. Record the station number
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stake to steady it. With the back o
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Figure 3-3. DA Form 4446 (Sample of
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micrometer in this optical system i
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laterally across the front of the e
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Figure 3-7. Horizontal Circle and M
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out of adjustment. If the index mar
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(1) In order to avoid instrumental
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location of the vertical circle on
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Figure 3-13. Open Traversec. Closed
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designate the exact point of refere
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example, a line with an azimuth of
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When adjusting a traverse that star
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11. The unit of graduation on a hor
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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differential leveling. The theodoli
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additional runs are made due to exc
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Figure 4-2. Wild N-3 Precision Leve
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(8) Loosen the azimuth clamp (13),
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4.7. Miscellaneous Equipment. In ad
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(2) To check for gross errors in th
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(a) (1) Begin by completing the inf
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Set up and level the instrument. Re
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Figure 4-8. Sun and Wind Code(5) Th
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(10) Enter the interval between the
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Figure 4-9. Closed-Circuit River Cr
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Figure 4-11. Sample DA Form 5820 (R
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is 0. When the telescope is pointed
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stations. However, since all statio
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a. Complete the heading, as shown.b
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a. (1) Enter the date, as in the sa
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Page 184 and 185:
11. The maximum length of site to o
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Page 188 and 189:
PART A - GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
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5-7. Pseudorange. A pseudorange is
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5-15. Number of Pseudorange Observa
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i. Probable Error Measures. The acc
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Table 5-1. Representative GPS Error
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Table 5-2. Carrier Phase Trackinga.
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exercise extreme caution in applyin
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not be designed or performed to ach
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Table 5-3. GPS-S Design, Geometry,
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f. Multiple/Repeat Baseline Connect
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possible ionospheric and tropospher
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Figures 5-4. PDOP Versus Time PlotP
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e. Field Processing and Verificatio
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All carrier phase relative-surveyin
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time spent and the cost of conducti
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movement between occupation sites,
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5-37. General. GPS baseline solutio
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(1) Receiver Time. This technique u
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NOTE: Repeated baselines should be
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5-43. Loop Closure Checks. Postproc
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necessary to determine approximate
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This will ensure that future work w
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may (and usually does) far exceed t
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important in evaluating the overall
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i. Relative GPS baseline standard e
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12. When the networking method is s
Page 242 and 243:
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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FAR-77 obstructions. Aircraft-movem
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Figure 6-1. Imaginary SurfacesEN059
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Figure 6-3. Approach Surfacesa. Fed
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. Federal Aviation Regulation-77, S
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Table 6-4. Airport Obstruction Accu
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A horizontal scale of 1:12,000 and
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Figure 6-4. Sample DA Form 5821 (Ai
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Figure 6-5. Sample DA Form 5822 (PA
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Page 264:
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