surveying iii (topographic and geodetic surveys) - Modern Prepper

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Figure 1-25. Using the Same Reference Ellipsoid for all Datumsf. A WGS will be established permitting the computation of distances and directions for use withintercontinental-range missiles. The effect of such a system will be more far-reaching than itsapplication to intercontinental problems. Since the world system preserves the positional relationship ofpoints within a local or preferred datum, the unified world system will also meet the requirements forgeodetic information for short- or medium-range missiles. In this way, the air-to-ground missiles, theground-based intermediate-range missiles, the ocean-based intermediate-range missiles, and theintercontinental-range missiles can all use the single WGS.1-18. The National Imagery and Mapping Agency World System. NIMA is working to formulate aworld reference system. The approach used by NIMA is different from the approach of the USAF, but itwas vital that the fundamental concepts of methods were consistent.a. The basic NIMA approach is to use the numerous arc measurements that span North and SouthAmerica, Europe, and Africa. These arcs are used to determine the ellipsoid that provides the best fit forall the areas. In order to properly orient this ellipsoid with reference to the earth's axis of rotation andthe center of the earth, a combined astro-geodetic deflection and gravimetric method will be used. Byusing numerous deflections in the western and eastern hemispheres, astro-geodetic undulations will becomputed. These undulations will then be compared with absolute gravimetric undulations, and anadjustment will be made so that the difference between the astro-geodetic and gravimetric undulations isat a minimum. The end result of this method of orientation will be an absolute reference system inwhich all geodetic datumsEN0593 1-40
are unified. An important feature of this method in its dependence on gravimetric undulations based onobserved gravity anomalies. The anomalies, in turn, depend on the gravity formula used. For the NIMAprogram, the international gravity formula and a flattening of 1/297 are used. Before these geoidundulations are used, corrections will be required for any flattening change adopted.b. NIMA is participating in other important programs contributing to developing a WGS. Theseprograms, including celestial triangulation and star occultations, have been used primarily to connectisolated islands to a world datum.1-19. The Department of Defense World Datum. It is very probable that the world geodetic systemsdetermined by NIMA and the USAF will not agree in every respect. While the fundamental principlesinvolved in each approach are in harmony, the use of different groups of observed data is expected tocause minor differences in the final results. Since a unified world system is desired, the two systemsobtained will be compared, and the major differences will be investigated by the DOD. However, thetask does not end there. New information will be gathered and evaluated to permit further refinement ofthe world system. New geodetic methods, extended arc measurements, extended gravity surveys withnew measuring methods, and data obtained from earth satellites will all contribute to the determinationof a single world reference system that provides an increasingly close approximation to the true figure ofthe earth.1-41 EN0593
Page 1 and 2: SUBCOURSEEN0593EDITIONAUNITED STATE
Page 3 and 4: TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE:ACTION:
Page 6 and 7: Part G: Adjusting Precise-Positioni
Page 8 and 9: PART A - FIGURES OF THE EARTH1-1. T
Page 10 and 11: Figure 1-2. Flattening Fractiona. T
Page 12 and 13: 1-3. Geoid. In geodesy, precise com
Page 15 and 16: point in the survey to provide the
Page 18 and 19: one side of a triangle and all of t
Page 20 and 21: Figure 1-10. Simple Triangulation N
Page 22 and 23: observation, contains a light sourc
Page 24 and 25: of a horizontal rod with a small sp
Page 26 and 27: The Airy theory, announced by G. B.
Page 28 and 29: Figure 1-15. Products of the Gravim
Page 30 and 31: a. If the shape of the earth was ex
Page 32 and 33: Figure 1-16. Single Astronomic Stat
Page 34 and 35: Figure 1-17. Astro-Geodetic Deflect
Page 36 and 37: Figure 1-19. Astro-Geodetic Datum O
Page 38 and 39: (c) The significance of a gravity-o
Page 40 and 41: absolute deflections of the vertica
Page 42 and 43: Figure 1-23. Preferred Datumsa. The
Page 44 and 45: 1-17. The World Geodetic System. Be
Page 48 and 49: LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 50 and 51: 12. Which of the following is assum
Page 52 and 53: LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
Page 54 and 55: THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
Page 56 and 57: for all military and civilian activ
Page 58 and 59: i. Additional support for other top
Page 60 and 61: 2-7. Status. At present, topographi
Page 62 and 63: in both. (North American Datum of 1
Page 64 and 65: water can impede leveling operation
Page 66 and 67: A field recording booklet. A single
Page 68 and 69: PART I - OFFICE WORK2-24. General.
Page 70 and 71: PART J - SURVEY COMMUNICATION2-28.
Page 72 and 73: length or side is known, and all th
Page 74 and 75: second-order, Class I net. The leng
Page 76 and 77: The number of observations required
Page 78 and 79: to perform the reconnaissance. Fail
Page 80 and 81: and cultivated, or fields may have
Page 82 and 83: e an alphanumeric symbol that is st
Page 84 and 85: 2-53. Intervisibility of Stations.
Page 86 and 87: station is (K/2) 2 x 0.0676, or one
Page 88 and 89: Figure 2-8. Similar Triangles Solut
Page 90 and 91: 2-54. Height of Obstructions. It is
Page 92 and 93: authorized to change the name, it s
Page 94 and 95: Figure 2-12. Cells Connected in Par
Page 96 and 97:
added as the cells weaken. Three un
Page 98 and 99:
Figure 2-16. Construction Details f
Page 100 and 101:
2-60. Wooden Towers. When it become
Page 102 and 103:
LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 104 and 105:
11. The face of the 5-inch signal l
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LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
Page 108 and 109:
average line in a triangulation sys
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3-4. Slope Measurements. The slope
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strip as close as possible to its f
Page 114 and 115:
. Sight along the tops of both of t
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Column 1. Record the station number
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stake to steady it. With the back o
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Figure 3-3. DA Form 4446 (Sample of
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micrometer in this optical system i
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laterally across the front of the e
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Figure 3-7. Horizontal Circle and M
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out of adjustment. If the index mar
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(1) In order to avoid instrumental
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location of the vertical circle on
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Figure 3-13. Open Traversec. Closed
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designate the exact point of refere
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example, a line with an azimuth of
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When adjusting a traverse that star
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11. The unit of graduation on a hor
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Page 148 and 149:
THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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differential leveling. The theodoli
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additional runs are made due to exc
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Figure 4-2. Wild N-3 Precision Leve
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(8) Loosen the azimuth clamp (13),
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4.7. Miscellaneous Equipment. In ad
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(2) To check for gross errors in th
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(a) (1) Begin by completing the inf
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Set up and level the instrument. Re
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Figure 4-8. Sun and Wind Code(5) Th
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(10) Enter the interval between the
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Figure 4-9. Closed-Circuit River Cr
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Figure 4-11. Sample DA Form 5820 (R
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is 0. When the telescope is pointed
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stations. However, since all statio
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a. Complete the heading, as shown.b
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a. (1) Enter the date, as in the sa
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Page 184 and 185:
11. The maximum length of site to o
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Page 188 and 189:
PART A - GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
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5-7. Pseudorange. A pseudorange is
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5-15. Number of Pseudorange Observa
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i. Probable Error Measures. The acc
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Table 5-1. Representative GPS Error
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Table 5-2. Carrier Phase Trackinga.
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exercise extreme caution in applyin
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not be designed or performed to ach
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Table 5-3. GPS-S Design, Geometry,
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f. Multiple/Repeat Baseline Connect
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possible ionospheric and tropospher
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Figures 5-4. PDOP Versus Time PlotP
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e. Field Processing and Verificatio
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All carrier phase relative-surveyin
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time spent and the cost of conducti
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movement between occupation sites,
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5-37. General. GPS baseline solutio
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(1) Receiver Time. This technique u
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NOTE: Repeated baselines should be
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5-43. Loop Closure Checks. Postproc
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necessary to determine approximate
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This will ensure that future work w
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may (and usually does) far exceed t
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important in evaluating the overall
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i. Relative GPS baseline standard e
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
12. When the networking method is s
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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FAR-77 obstructions. Aircraft-movem
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Figure 6-1. Imaginary SurfacesEN059
Page 250 and 251:
Figure 6-3. Approach Surfacesa. Fed
Page 252 and 253:
. Federal Aviation Regulation-77, S
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Table 6-4. Airport Obstruction Accu
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A horizontal scale of 1:12,000 and
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Figure 6-4. Sample DA Form 5821 (Ai
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Figure 6-5. Sample DA Form 5822 (PA
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264:
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