surveying iii (topographic and geodetic surveys) - Modern Prepper

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i. Additional support for other topographic missions is defined in AR 115-11, FM 5-105, unit table(s) of organization and equipment (TOE), and directives from higher headquarters (HQ). Thesemissions-- Provide precise positioning to support updating the MOS 81T (Terrain Analyst) database. Support construction surveyors (when projects require real-world coordinates). Establish and extend basic control for field surveys. Allow survey data and station description cards to be forwarded to NIMA, the organization'ssurvey information center (SIC), and collocated terrain analyst teams upon request.PART B - SURVEY OPERATIONS2-2. General. The actual shape of the earth's solid mass is referred to as topography. A geoid isdefined as the surface of the earth's gravity (attraction and rotation) which coincides with the MSL in theopen undisturbed ocean. A spheroid (an ellipsoid of revolution) appears as a figure that is flattened atthe poles and bulging at the equator. It can be described using a mathematical formula that defines a partof the surface of the geoid. However, because of the great variations in topography, many differentspheroids exist. Because the earth's surface is irregular and pieces of mathematical computations areunreliable, the type of survey conducted depends on the purpose or the level of accuracy required.PART C - SURVEY TYPES2-3. General. In plane surveys, all points are referenced to a flat plane with the curvature completely orpartially ignored. In geodetic surveys, all established points are referenced to the curved surface of aspheroid and, in all computations, the effect of curvature is computed.a. Plane Survey. Plane surveys ignore the actual shape of the earth and apply the principles of planegeometry and trigonometry. These surveys are treated as if the measurements were made on a flat plane,with all lines being straight. When the survey area is less than 250 square kilometers and less accuracyis needed, curvature can be ignored. Most localized construction projects (highway and railroad) andboundary projects use plane surveys.b. Geodetic Survey. Geodetic surveys take into account the size and shape of the earth. Since thestations in geodetic surveys are routinely spaced over extended distances, more precise instruments andtechniques are required than for planeEN0593 2-4
surveys. All observations are made on the actual curved surface of the earth. This curvature is latercorrected through computations.PART D - SURVEY METHODS2-4. General. Topographic surveyors use theodolites, levels, and distance measuring equipment(DME). The automated integrated survey instrument (AISI) provides topographic surveyors with thecapability to extend control through the use of a total station. On the other hand, the NAVSTAR GPS iscapable of determining accurate positional, velocity, and timing information. The GPS providespositional and navigational data to civilian and military communities in the form of two positionalservices. The Standard Positioning Service (SPS) encompasses the civilian user and the United StatesCoast Guard (USCG). When using a single GPS receiver (absolute positioning), the SPS users aredenied the high accuracy and instantaneous positioning capability of the GPS. The Precise-PositioningService (PPS) consists of military users and authorized representatives. The PPS user can obtain highaccuracy and instantaneous positioning if the receiver is capable of accepting the necessary cryptologicvariables.2-5. Global Positioning System. Absolute and differential (relative) positioning methods, use the GPS,provide accurate and timely positional data. The method of choice depends on the accuracy required, theequipment available, and the logistical requirements. At present, the PPS GPS receiver capable ofperforming relative positioning is the global positioning system-survey (GPS-S) differential globalpositioning system (DGPS).a. Absolute positioning uses a single GPS receiver and does not require known survey control.Absolute positions can provide instantaneous (real-time) or postprocessed positions. Known surveycontrol is unreliable or nonexistent in immature theaters. Topographic surveyors can establish SCPs byusing absolute positioning.b. Differential positioning uses two or more GPS receivers. One GPS receiver (reference receiver)is resident over a known SCP. The remaining receivers (remote) are used to position points of interest.Differential positioning can be performed in real time or through postprocessing. If real-timepositioningresults are required, a communications link that is capable of transmitting digital data mustbe established at the reference and remote-receiver locations. This method supports distances up to 100kilometers between the reference and remote stations. Topographic engineer battalions within the Armyhave PPS GPS receivers that are capable of real-time and postprocessed differential positioning andprovide accuracy of about 1 centimeter.2-6. Accuracy. The accuracy of a GPS is dependent on the user's classification (precise lightweightGPS receiver [PLGR] or GPS-S) and the surveying method employed (absolute or differential).2-5 EN0593
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SUBCOURSEEN0593EDITIONAUNITED STATE
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TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE:ACTION:
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Part G: Adjusting Precise-Positioni
Page 8 and 9: PART A - FIGURES OF THE EARTH1-1. T
Page 10 and 11: Figure 1-2. Flattening Fractiona. T
Page 12 and 13: 1-3. Geoid. In geodesy, precise com
Page 15 and 16: point in the survey to provide the
Page 18 and 19: one side of a triangle and all of t
Page 20 and 21: Figure 1-10. Simple Triangulation N
Page 22 and 23: observation, contains a light sourc
Page 24 and 25: of a horizontal rod with a small sp
Page 26 and 27: The Airy theory, announced by G. B.
Page 28 and 29: Figure 1-15. Products of the Gravim
Page 30 and 31: a. If the shape of the earth was ex
Page 32 and 33: Figure 1-16. Single Astronomic Stat
Page 34 and 35: Figure 1-17. Astro-Geodetic Deflect
Page 36 and 37: Figure 1-19. Astro-Geodetic Datum O
Page 38 and 39: (c) The significance of a gravity-o
Page 40 and 41: absolute deflections of the vertica
Page 42 and 43: Figure 1-23. Preferred Datumsa. The
Page 44 and 45: 1-17. The World Geodetic System. Be
Page 46 and 47: Figure 1-25. Using the Same Referen
Page 48 and 49: LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 50 and 51: 12. Which of the following is assum
Page 52 and 53: LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
Page 54 and 55: THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
Page 56 and 57: for all military and civilian activ
Page 60 and 61: 2-7. Status. At present, topographi
Page 62 and 63: in both. (North American Datum of 1
Page 64 and 65: water can impede leveling operation
Page 66 and 67: A field recording booklet. A single
Page 68 and 69: PART I - OFFICE WORK2-24. General.
Page 70 and 71: PART J - SURVEY COMMUNICATION2-28.
Page 72 and 73: length or side is known, and all th
Page 74 and 75: second-order, Class I net. The leng
Page 76 and 77: The number of observations required
Page 78 and 79: to perform the reconnaissance. Fail
Page 80 and 81: and cultivated, or fields may have
Page 82 and 83: e an alphanumeric symbol that is st
Page 84 and 85: 2-53. Intervisibility of Stations.
Page 86 and 87: station is (K/2) 2 x 0.0676, or one
Page 88 and 89: Figure 2-8. Similar Triangles Solut
Page 90 and 91: 2-54. Height of Obstructions. It is
Page 92 and 93: authorized to change the name, it s
Page 94 and 95: Figure 2-12. Cells Connected in Par
Page 96 and 97: added as the cells weaken. Three un
Page 98 and 99: Figure 2-16. Construction Details f
Page 100 and 101: 2-60. Wooden Towers. When it become
Page 102 and 103: LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 104 and 105: 11. The face of the 5-inch signal l
Page 106 and 107: LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
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average line in a triangulation sys
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3-4. Slope Measurements. The slope
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strip as close as possible to its f
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. Sight along the tops of both of t
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Column 1. Record the station number
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stake to steady it. With the back o
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Figure 3-3. DA Form 4446 (Sample of
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micrometer in this optical system i
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laterally across the front of the e
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Figure 3-7. Horizontal Circle and M
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out of adjustment. If the index mar
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(1) In order to avoid instrumental
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location of the vertical circle on
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Figure 3-13. Open Traversec. Closed
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designate the exact point of refere
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example, a line with an azimuth of
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When adjusting a traverse that star
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LESSON 3PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
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11. The unit of graduation on a hor
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LESSON 3PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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differential leveling. The theodoli
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additional runs are made due to exc
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Figure 4-2. Wild N-3 Precision Leve
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(8) Loosen the azimuth clamp (13),
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4.7. Miscellaneous Equipment. In ad
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(2) To check for gross errors in th
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(a) (1) Begin by completing the inf
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Set up and level the instrument. Re
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Figure 4-8. Sun and Wind Code(5) Th
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(10) Enter the interval between the
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Figure 4-9. Closed-Circuit River Cr
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Figure 4-11. Sample DA Form 5820 (R
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is 0. When the telescope is pointed
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stations. However, since all statio
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a. Complete the heading, as shown.b
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a. (1) Enter the date, as in the sa
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11. The maximum length of site to o
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PART A - GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
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5-7. Pseudorange. A pseudorange is
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5-15. Number of Pseudorange Observa
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i. Probable Error Measures. The acc
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Table 5-1. Representative GPS Error
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Table 5-2. Carrier Phase Trackinga.
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exercise extreme caution in applyin
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not be designed or performed to ach
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Table 5-3. GPS-S Design, Geometry,
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f. Multiple/Repeat Baseline Connect
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possible ionospheric and tropospher
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Figures 5-4. PDOP Versus Time PlotP
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e. Field Processing and Verificatio
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All carrier phase relative-surveyin
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time spent and the cost of conducti
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movement between occupation sites,
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5-37. General. GPS baseline solutio
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(1) Receiver Time. This technique u
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NOTE: Repeated baselines should be
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5-43. Loop Closure Checks. Postproc
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necessary to determine approximate
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This will ensure that future work w
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may (and usually does) far exceed t
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important in evaluating the overall
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i. Relative GPS baseline standard e
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12. When the networking method is s
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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FAR-77 obstructions. Aircraft-movem
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Figure 6-1. Imaginary SurfacesEN059
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Figure 6-3. Approach Surfacesa. Fed
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. Federal Aviation Regulation-77, S
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Table 6-4. Airport Obstruction Accu
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A horizontal scale of 1:12,000 and
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Figure 6-4. Sample DA Form 5821 (Ai
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Figure 6-5. Sample DA Form 5822 (PA
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