surveying iii (topographic and geodetic surveys) - Modern Prepper

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When adjusting a traverse that starts and ends on two different stations, surveyors compute thecoordinates before the error is determined. The correction (per leg) is determined in the same manner,but is applied directly to the coordinates. The correction to be applied after computing the first leg isequal to the correction computed for the first leg. The correction to be applied after computing thesecond leg is equal to the correction computed for the first leg plus the correction computed for thesecond leg. The correction for the third leg equals the correction computed for the first, second, andthird leg. This method continues throughout the traverse. The final correction must be equal to the totalcorrection required.x. Special Instructions. A good observer consistently secures accurate results, as permitted by thecapabilities of the instrument used. To attain proficiency, the surveyor must study the instrumentcarefully, exercise good judgment, and carefully study all factors affecting the accuracy of theodoliteobservations. The different classes of errors should also be taken into consideration. In order to obtainthe best results, observe the following precautions: Adjust and level the instrument carefully before proceeding with the measurement. Keep away from the tripod when making a measurement. Turn the plates gently. Hold the plates or limbs, not the telescope. Work steadily and carefully. Do not rush. Do not screw on the tripod legs too tightly. Do not turn clamps or leveling screws too tightly. Leave the horizontal axis lightly clamped during horizontal-angle observation. Leave the lower motion unclamped during vertical-angle observations. Never carry the theodolite by its tripod. Direct the recorder to immediately record all readings in the notebook, while calling back thefigures clearly and promptly. Cultivate the impersonal attitude toward results, and read the angles without bias. An angleforced in order to give a good triangle closure will often cause a large angle and sidecorrection when the adjustment is made.3-15. Traits of a Good Recorder. A good recorder must be able to work quickly and accurately.Recorders should be thoroughly familiar with all phases of reading angles and recording them. Theyshould have sufficient mathematical knowledge toEN0593 3-34
make field computations. The recorder is considered to be an understudy of the instrument man.a. Under favorable conditions for observing, readings are made so rapidly that the recorder must bemethodical in order to not hinder the observations. Mental arithmetic must be infallible, as there is nottime for setting down readings and figuring by means of longhand during the steps of recording,computing, and transcribing.b. All of the records and blank forms should be neat and clear. The form is a valuable part of thepermanent record of the survey and may have to be referred to by personnel other than the observingparty.c. As the work progresses, the recorder, under the direction of the observer, performs the followingfunctions: Completes records of all observations. Prepares the title page and index for the field book. Cross-references, when necessary. Describes all stations. Makes transcripts of the results. Records triangle closures.d. Before going into the field, the recorder should be familiar with all notes and forms used in thework. Headings and column rulings in the notebook should be prepared in advance.e. All observations should be clearly and distinctly recorded on the proper forms. The numbersmust be written so that there is no chance of misunderstanding them. Erasures must never be made inthe original records. If it is necessary to change a figure, it should be lightly crossed out, and the correctfigure should be placed above it or to one side. The original entry should still be legible. Ensure thateach reading is recorded on the appropriate line so that no changes to the record are required.3-35 EN0593
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SUBCOURSEEN0593EDITIONAUNITED STATE
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TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE:ACTION:
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Part G: Adjusting Precise-Positioni
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PART A - FIGURES OF THE EARTH1-1. T
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Figure 1-2. Flattening Fractiona. T
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1-3. Geoid. In geodesy, precise com
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point in the survey to provide the
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one side of a triangle and all of t
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Figure 1-10. Simple Triangulation N
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observation, contains a light sourc
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of a horizontal rod with a small sp
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The Airy theory, announced by G. B.
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Figure 1-15. Products of the Gravim
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a. If the shape of the earth was ex
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Figure 1-16. Single Astronomic Stat
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Figure 1-17. Astro-Geodetic Deflect
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Figure 1-19. Astro-Geodetic Datum O
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(c) The significance of a gravity-o
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absolute deflections of the vertica
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Figure 1-23. Preferred Datumsa. The
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1-17. The World Geodetic System. Be
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Figure 1-25. Using the Same Referen
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LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
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12. Which of the following is assum
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LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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for all military and civilian activ
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i. Additional support for other top
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2-7. Status. At present, topographi
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in both. (North American Datum of 1
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water can impede leveling operation
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A field recording booklet. A single
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PART I - OFFICE WORK2-24. General.
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PART J - SURVEY COMMUNICATION2-28.
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length or side is known, and all th
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second-order, Class I net. The leng
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The number of observations required
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to perform the reconnaissance. Fail
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and cultivated, or fields may have
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e an alphanumeric symbol that is st
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2-53. Intervisibility of Stations.
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station is (K/2) 2 x 0.0676, or one
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Figure 2-8. Similar Triangles Solut
Page 90 and 91: 2-54. Height of Obstructions. It is
Page 92 and 93: authorized to change the name, it s
Page 94 and 95: Figure 2-12. Cells Connected in Par
Page 96 and 97: added as the cells weaken. Three un
Page 98 and 99: Figure 2-16. Construction Details f
Page 100 and 101: 2-60. Wooden Towers. When it become
Page 102 and 103: LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 104 and 105: 11. The face of the 5-inch signal l
Page 106 and 107: LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
Page 108 and 109: average line in a triangulation sys
Page 110 and 111: 3-4. Slope Measurements. The slope
Page 112 and 113: strip as close as possible to its f
Page 114 and 115: . Sight along the tops of both of t
Page 116 and 117: Column 1. Record the station number
Page 118 and 119: stake to steady it. With the back o
Page 120 and 121: Figure 3-3. DA Form 4446 (Sample of
Page 122 and 123: micrometer in this optical system i
Page 124 and 125: laterally across the front of the e
Page 126 and 127: Figure 3-7. Horizontal Circle and M
Page 128 and 129: out of adjustment. If the index mar
Page 130 and 131: (1) In order to avoid instrumental
Page 132 and 133: location of the vertical circle on
Page 134 and 135: Figure 3-13. Open Traversec. Closed
Page 136 and 137: designate the exact point of refere
Page 138 and 139: example, a line with an azimuth of
Page 144 and 145: 11. The unit of graduation on a hor
Page 148 and 149: THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
Page 150 and 151: differential leveling. The theodoli
Page 152 and 153: additional runs are made due to exc
Page 154 and 155: Figure 4-2. Wild N-3 Precision Leve
Page 156 and 157: (8) Loosen the azimuth clamp (13),
Page 158 and 159: 4.7. Miscellaneous Equipment. In ad
Page 160 and 161: (2) To check for gross errors in th
Page 162 and 163: (a) (1) Begin by completing the inf
Page 164 and 165: Set up and level the instrument. Re
Page 166 and 167: Figure 4-8. Sun and Wind Code(5) Th
Page 168 and 169: (10) Enter the interval between the
Page 170 and 171: Figure 4-9. Closed-Circuit River Cr
Page 172 and 173: Figure 4-11. Sample DA Form 5820 (R
Page 174 and 175: is 0. When the telescope is pointed
Page 176 and 177: stations. However, since all statio
Page 178 and 179: a. Complete the heading, as shown.b
Page 180 and 181: a. (1) Enter the date, as in the sa
Page 184 and 185: 11. The maximum length of site to o
Page 188 and 189: PART A - GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
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5-7. Pseudorange. A pseudorange is
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5-15. Number of Pseudorange Observa
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i. Probable Error Measures. The acc
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Table 5-1. Representative GPS Error
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Table 5-2. Carrier Phase Trackinga.
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exercise extreme caution in applyin
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not be designed or performed to ach
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Table 5-3. GPS-S Design, Geometry,
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f. Multiple/Repeat Baseline Connect
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possible ionospheric and tropospher
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Figures 5-4. PDOP Versus Time PlotP
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e. Field Processing and Verificatio
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All carrier phase relative-surveyin
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time spent and the cost of conducti
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movement between occupation sites,
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5-37. General. GPS baseline solutio
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(1) Receiver Time. This technique u
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NOTE: Repeated baselines should be
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5-43. Loop Closure Checks. Postproc
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necessary to determine approximate
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This will ensure that future work w
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may (and usually does) far exceed t
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important in evaluating the overall
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i. Relative GPS baseline standard e
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12. When the networking method is s
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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FAR-77 obstructions. Aircraft-movem
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Figure 6-1. Imaginary SurfacesEN059
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Figure 6-3. Approach Surfacesa. Fed
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. Federal Aviation Regulation-77, S
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Table 6-4. Airport Obstruction Accu
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A horizontal scale of 1:12,000 and
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Figure 6-4. Sample DA Form 5821 (Ai
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Figure 6-5. Sample DA Form 5822 (PA
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