surveying iii (topographic and geodetic surveys) - Modern Prepper

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for all military and civilian activities concerned with long-range position control and accurate directionsand distances.Horizontal control data may be obtained using the triangulation or traverse method. This chapterdiscusses the field methods and required accuracies of high-order triangulation, precise instruments andequipment, baseline measurements, triangulation field records and computations, and astronomicobservations and computations.PART A - SURVEY MISSIONS2-1. Use. Army topographic surveyors determine horizontal and vertical distances between objects,measure angles between lines, determine the direction of lines, and establish points of predeterminedangular and linear measurements. After completing field measurements, surveyors use thesemeasurements to compute a final report that is used for positioning by field artillery (FA), air defenseartillery (ADA), aviation, intelligence, communications, and many other agencies.a. FA agencies are primary users of precise positioning and orientation information in a wartimeenvironment. Topographic-survey support, in accordance with FM 6-2, is provided to Multiple-LaunchRocket System (MLRS) units, general support units, and other nondivisional assets in the corps area.FA agencies require that topographic surveyors provide monumental survey control points (SCPs)(horizontal and vertical) and azimuth references for conventional and inertial FA survey teams. FAagencies sometimes require topographic surveyors to augment FA survey sections.b. ADA agencies require positioning and orientation information for ADA systems. ADA and FAagencies have an agreement that FA surveyors (MOS 82C) provide direct ADA survey support.c. The NIMA geodetic-survey division maintains Army topographic surveyors as part of theirsurvey force structure. These surveyors are involved as team leaders, team members, and activemembers in the data-reduction process. Additionally, the Army surveyors are used in areas or situationswhere NIMA civilian personnel are not authorized (such as Saudi Arabia and Somalia). NIMA has theresponsibility to provide earth-orientation data for the Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging(NAVSTAR) Global-Positioning System (GPS). NIMA provides correlated World Geodetic System1984 (WGS 84) airfield surveys and geographical and aeronautical database information needed tosupport the aviation approach requirements. NIMA also determines transformation parameters betweengeodetic systems. In many areas of the world, the transformation parameters are uncertain or unreliable.During times of conflict, Army topographic surveyors may be required to collect data to enable NIMA tobetter formulate these transformation parameters.EN0593 2-2
d. The United States Army Aeronautical Services Agency (USAASA) requires periodic airfield andnavigational-aid (NAVAID) surveys and airport obstruction charts (AOCs) according to AR 95-2.These surveys are extensive field survey operations that provide aeronautical and other information tosupport a wide range of National Airspace System (NAS) activities. AOC surveys provide sourceinformation on position, azimuth, elevation, runways and stop ways, NAVAIDs, FAR-77, obstructions,aircraft-movement and apron areas, prominent airport buildings, selected roads and other traverse ways,cultural and natural features of landmark value, and miscellaneous and special-request items.e. The positioning and orientation information for NAVAIDs is required to certify the airfieldinstrument-landing approaches. AOC surveys also establish geodetic control in the airport vicinity,consisting of permanent survey monuments accurately connected to the National Spatial ReferenceSystem (NSRS). This control and the NSRS connection ensure accurate relativity between surveyedpoints at the airport and between these points and other surveyed points in the NAS, including thenavigation satellites.f. The USAF requires positioning and orientation data for the initialization of inertial navigationsystems (INSs), INS test pedestals, NAVAIDs, and compass roses. The USAF relies on NIMA to satisfyall of its positioning and orientation requirements. Army topographic surveyors are currently assigned toassist NIMA in their mission to establish survey control for the USAF.g. The US Army intelligence and signal elements require positioning information for remotevehicles, remote sensing and imaging systems, antenna systems for geological location and direction,inertial navigation initialization, situation awareness, and combat identification. This informationincludes the following:(1) Accuracy. The accuracy requirement for intelligence and signal elements is similar to theaccuracy expressed by FA and ADA. In many cases, intelligence and signal units can use the SCPsestablished for the FA and ADA.(2) Frequency and Timeliness. The number of SCPs and the timeliness are dependent on thebattlefield and the mission.(3) Distribution. This survey information is distributed to each intelligence and signal battalion'sOperations and Training Officer (U.S. Army) (S3). Topographic surveyors are responsible for notifyingthe S3 of the various datum within the area of operation (AO). Topographic surveyors should providethe S3 with the necessary parameters and instructions on how to transform local coordinates to apredefined common grid.h. During operations involving deployments to joint-level commands, topographic surveyors maybe tasked to perform a number of different missions. Topographic surveyors are capable of providingsupport to allied nations for any of the aforementioned defined areas.2-3 EN0593
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SUBCOURSEEN0593EDITIONAUNITED STATE
Page 3 and 4:
TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE:ACTION:
Page 6 and 7: Part G: Adjusting Precise-Positioni
Page 8 and 9: PART A - FIGURES OF THE EARTH1-1. T
Page 10 and 11: Figure 1-2. Flattening Fractiona. T
Page 12 and 13: 1-3. Geoid. In geodesy, precise com
Page 15 and 16: point in the survey to provide the
Page 18 and 19: one side of a triangle and all of t
Page 20 and 21: Figure 1-10. Simple Triangulation N
Page 22 and 23: observation, contains a light sourc
Page 24 and 25: of a horizontal rod with a small sp
Page 26 and 27: The Airy theory, announced by G. B.
Page 28 and 29: Figure 1-15. Products of the Gravim
Page 30 and 31: a. If the shape of the earth was ex
Page 32 and 33: Figure 1-16. Single Astronomic Stat
Page 34 and 35: Figure 1-17. Astro-Geodetic Deflect
Page 36 and 37: Figure 1-19. Astro-Geodetic Datum O
Page 38 and 39: (c) The significance of a gravity-o
Page 40 and 41: absolute deflections of the vertica
Page 42 and 43: Figure 1-23. Preferred Datumsa. The
Page 44 and 45: 1-17. The World Geodetic System. Be
Page 46 and 47: Figure 1-25. Using the Same Referen
Page 48 and 49: LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 50 and 51: 12. Which of the following is assum
Page 52 and 53: LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
Page 54 and 55: THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
Page 58 and 59: i. Additional support for other top
Page 60 and 61: 2-7. Status. At present, topographi
Page 62 and 63: in both. (North American Datum of 1
Page 64 and 65: water can impede leveling operation
Page 66 and 67: A field recording booklet. A single
Page 68 and 69: PART I - OFFICE WORK2-24. General.
Page 70 and 71: PART J - SURVEY COMMUNICATION2-28.
Page 72 and 73: length or side is known, and all th
Page 74 and 75: second-order, Class I net. The leng
Page 76 and 77: The number of observations required
Page 78 and 79: to perform the reconnaissance. Fail
Page 80 and 81: and cultivated, or fields may have
Page 82 and 83: e an alphanumeric symbol that is st
Page 84 and 85: 2-53. Intervisibility of Stations.
Page 86 and 87: station is (K/2) 2 x 0.0676, or one
Page 88 and 89: Figure 2-8. Similar Triangles Solut
Page 90 and 91: 2-54. Height of Obstructions. It is
Page 92 and 93: authorized to change the name, it s
Page 94 and 95: Figure 2-12. Cells Connected in Par
Page 96 and 97: added as the cells weaken. Three un
Page 98 and 99: Figure 2-16. Construction Details f
Page 100 and 101: 2-60. Wooden Towers. When it become
Page 102 and 103: LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 104 and 105: 11. The face of the 5-inch signal l
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LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
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average line in a triangulation sys
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3-4. Slope Measurements. The slope
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strip as close as possible to its f
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. Sight along the tops of both of t
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Column 1. Record the station number
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stake to steady it. With the back o
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Figure 3-3. DA Form 4446 (Sample of
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micrometer in this optical system i
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laterally across the front of the e
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Figure 3-7. Horizontal Circle and M
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out of adjustment. If the index mar
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(1) In order to avoid instrumental
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location of the vertical circle on
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Figure 3-13. Open Traversec. Closed
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designate the exact point of refere
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example, a line with an azimuth of
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When adjusting a traverse that star
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LESSON 3PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
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11. The unit of graduation on a hor
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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differential leveling. The theodoli
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additional runs are made due to exc
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Figure 4-2. Wild N-3 Precision Leve
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(8) Loosen the azimuth clamp (13),
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4.7. Miscellaneous Equipment. In ad
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(2) To check for gross errors in th
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(a) (1) Begin by completing the inf
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Set up and level the instrument. Re
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Figure 4-8. Sun and Wind Code(5) Th
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(10) Enter the interval between the
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Figure 4-9. Closed-Circuit River Cr
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Figure 4-11. Sample DA Form 5820 (R
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is 0. When the telescope is pointed
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stations. However, since all statio
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a. Complete the heading, as shown.b
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a. (1) Enter the date, as in the sa
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Page 184 and 185:
11. The maximum length of site to o
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Page 188 and 189:
PART A - GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
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5-7. Pseudorange. A pseudorange is
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5-15. Number of Pseudorange Observa
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i. Probable Error Measures. The acc
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Table 5-1. Representative GPS Error
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Table 5-2. Carrier Phase Trackinga.
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exercise extreme caution in applyin
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not be designed or performed to ach
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Table 5-3. GPS-S Design, Geometry,
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f. Multiple/Repeat Baseline Connect
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possible ionospheric and tropospher
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Figures 5-4. PDOP Versus Time PlotP
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e. Field Processing and Verificatio
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All carrier phase relative-surveyin
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time spent and the cost of conducti
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movement between occupation sites,
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5-37. General. GPS baseline solutio
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(1) Receiver Time. This technique u
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NOTE: Repeated baselines should be
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5-43. Loop Closure Checks. Postproc
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necessary to determine approximate
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This will ensure that future work w
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may (and usually does) far exceed t
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important in evaluating the overall
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i. Relative GPS baseline standard e
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12. When the networking method is s
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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FAR-77 obstructions. Aircraft-movem
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Figure 6-1. Imaginary SurfacesEN059
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Figure 6-3. Approach Surfacesa. Fed
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. Federal Aviation Regulation-77, S
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Table 6-4. Airport Obstruction Accu
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A horizontal scale of 1:12,000 and
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Figure 6-4. Sample DA Form 5821 (Ai
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Figure 6-5. Sample DA Form 5822 (PA
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Page 264:
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