surveying iii (topographic and geodetic surveys) - Modern Prepper

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authorized to change the name, it seldom does. Ensure that a suitable name is selected, preferably ashort one matching a geographical feature or political subdivision at or near the station. Never useduplicate names within the same triangulation system. In many incidences, the name of the landowner isgiven to the station. This normally stimulates interest on the part of the owner, helps to avoidduplication, and serves to locate the station quickly. Avoid using the names of men in the party,nicknames, names without meaning, or names arising from the incident. Ensure the correct spelling ofthe name.PART M - SIGNALS AND TOWERS2-57. Marking. Mark each triangulation station in some manner so that, as the survey progresses, anaccurate triangulation net will be obtained. Signals must be visible from nearby stations.a. If a station is one in which observations are taken, but is not occupied for the measurement ofangles, it is not necessary to make provisions for setting the instrument. In this case, use a simple andinexpensive signal structure, such as the following: An object already in place, such as a flagpole, a chimney, or a telegraph pole. A pole set vertically in the ground or held firmly in a vertical position by a pile of stones, guywires, or bracing (an excellent signal on a bare summit or in open country).b. When taking angular observations at an instrument station, construct a signal with the instrumentwhich has been placed directly over the station.c. If a station will be used for any length of time, drive a pipe into the ground to mark the location.If the point is being used for a sight, a range pole or similar rod may be placed in the pipe. When thestation is being occupied, the pole should be removed.d. When a tall mast is necessary for visibility, use guy wires to anchor the sight. Provisions shouldbe made for swinging the bottom of the mast to one side when placing an instrument at the station.2-58. Signal Lamp. The most commonly used signal lamp has a 5-inch reflector. When used forsightings of less than 8 kilometers, the face of the light must be masked to reduce its size and brilliance.a. Reflector. The reflector is frailly constructed and must be handled carefully to prevent tarnishingand scratching. It should be polished with a soft chamois skin or tissue, using only cleaning preparationsrecommended for this purpose. For aEN0593 2-38
moderate cost, reflectors can be resilvered or replated with chromium. Typically, a lamp in service for ayear will require resilvering.b. Sighting Device. Signal lamps have a front sight on the reflector, in back of the lens frame and anotched rear sight fastened to a bracket on the rear of the reflector. The rear sight is adjustable bothhorizontally and vertically by means of knurled thumbscrews.c. Focusing Device. The focusing device is a small knurled thumbscrew about 1/2 inch to the rightof the rear of the bulb socket. This screw passes through a collar that encircles the bulb socket. Turningthis screw in changes the position of the bulb in relation to the reflector.d. Collar Wear. When a lamp is old, it frequently will not focus well because of collar wear.Repair the lamp by placing a nut or ring underneath the collar to make it longer. A lamp should be torndown and this focusing device examined to get a proper understanding of its operation.e. Battery Connections. When the lamp is properly pointed and focused, the brilliancy of the lightis dependant on the following three factors: the number of dry cells used, the method of connectingthem, and the kind of bulb used.(1) Figure 2-11 shows several cells connected in a series. The carbon pole of one cell isconnected to the zinc pole of the next. When connected, each added cell increases the voltage. The totalvoltage is the sum of the voltages for the individual cells. There is a proper voltage for each lamp bulb.If the voltage is too low, a dim light will result; if the voltage is too high, the bulb will burn out. Thetotal amperage is the ampere output of one cell. In a series circuit, the amperage does not increase withadditional cells.Figure 2-11. Cells Connected in a Series(2) Figure 2-12, page 2-40, shows cells connected in parallel, with all carbon poles and zincpoles joined together. This method increases the amperage of the circuit, but the voltage is the same asthat of a single cell. In this case, the six batteries act as one battery, with the same voltage as theindividual cell but with amperage six times larger, thereby increasing the number of hours the lamp stayslit.2-39 EN0593
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SUBCOURSEEN0593EDITIONAUNITED STATE
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TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE:ACTION:
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Part G: Adjusting Precise-Positioni
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PART A - FIGURES OF THE EARTH1-1. T
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Figure 1-2. Flattening Fractiona. T
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1-3. Geoid. In geodesy, precise com
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point in the survey to provide the
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one side of a triangle and all of t
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Figure 1-10. Simple Triangulation N
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observation, contains a light sourc
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of a horizontal rod with a small sp
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The Airy theory, announced by G. B.
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Figure 1-15. Products of the Gravim
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a. If the shape of the earth was ex
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Figure 1-16. Single Astronomic Stat
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Figure 1-17. Astro-Geodetic Deflect
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Figure 1-19. Astro-Geodetic Datum O
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(c) The significance of a gravity-o
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absolute deflections of the vertica
Page 42 and 43: Figure 1-23. Preferred Datumsa. The
Page 44 and 45: 1-17. The World Geodetic System. Be
Page 46 and 47: Figure 1-25. Using the Same Referen
Page 48 and 49: LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 50 and 51: 12. Which of the following is assum
Page 52 and 53: LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
Page 54 and 55: THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
Page 56 and 57: for all military and civilian activ
Page 58 and 59: i. Additional support for other top
Page 60 and 61: 2-7. Status. At present, topographi
Page 62 and 63: in both. (North American Datum of 1
Page 64 and 65: water can impede leveling operation
Page 66 and 67: A field recording booklet. A single
Page 68 and 69: PART I - OFFICE WORK2-24. General.
Page 70 and 71: PART J - SURVEY COMMUNICATION2-28.
Page 72 and 73: length or side is known, and all th
Page 74 and 75: second-order, Class I net. The leng
Page 76 and 77: The number of observations required
Page 78 and 79: to perform the reconnaissance. Fail
Page 80 and 81: and cultivated, or fields may have
Page 82 and 83: e an alphanumeric symbol that is st
Page 84 and 85: 2-53. Intervisibility of Stations.
Page 86 and 87: station is (K/2) 2 x 0.0676, or one
Page 88 and 89: Figure 2-8. Similar Triangles Solut
Page 90 and 91: 2-54. Height of Obstructions. It is
Page 94 and 95: Figure 2-12. Cells Connected in Par
Page 96 and 97: added as the cells weaken. Three un
Page 98 and 99: Figure 2-16. Construction Details f
Page 100 and 101: 2-60. Wooden Towers. When it become
Page 102 and 103: LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 104 and 105: 11. The face of the 5-inch signal l
Page 106 and 107: LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
Page 108 and 109: average line in a triangulation sys
Page 110 and 111: 3-4. Slope Measurements. The slope
Page 112 and 113: strip as close as possible to its f
Page 114 and 115: . Sight along the tops of both of t
Page 116 and 117: Column 1. Record the station number
Page 118 and 119: stake to steady it. With the back o
Page 120 and 121: Figure 3-3. DA Form 4446 (Sample of
Page 122 and 123: micrometer in this optical system i
Page 124 and 125: laterally across the front of the e
Page 126 and 127: Figure 3-7. Horizontal Circle and M
Page 128 and 129: out of adjustment. If the index mar
Page 130 and 131: (1) In order to avoid instrumental
Page 132 and 133: location of the vertical circle on
Page 134 and 135: Figure 3-13. Open Traversec. Closed
Page 136 and 137: designate the exact point of refere
Page 138 and 139: example, a line with an azimuth of
Page 140 and 141: When adjusting a traverse that star
Page 142 and 143:
LESSON 3PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
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11. The unit of graduation on a hor
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LESSON 3PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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differential leveling. The theodoli
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additional runs are made due to exc
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Figure 4-2. Wild N-3 Precision Leve
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(8) Loosen the azimuth clamp (13),
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4.7. Miscellaneous Equipment. In ad
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(2) To check for gross errors in th
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(a) (1) Begin by completing the inf
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Set up and level the instrument. Re
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Figure 4-8. Sun and Wind Code(5) Th
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(10) Enter the interval between the
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Figure 4-9. Closed-Circuit River Cr
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Figure 4-11. Sample DA Form 5820 (R
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is 0. When the telescope is pointed
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stations. However, since all statio
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a. Complete the heading, as shown.b
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a. (1) Enter the date, as in the sa
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11. The maximum length of site to o
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PART A - GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
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5-7. Pseudorange. A pseudorange is
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5-15. Number of Pseudorange Observa
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i. Probable Error Measures. The acc
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Table 5-1. Representative GPS Error
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Table 5-2. Carrier Phase Trackinga.
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exercise extreme caution in applyin
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not be designed or performed to ach
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Table 5-3. GPS-S Design, Geometry,
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f. Multiple/Repeat Baseline Connect
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possible ionospheric and tropospher
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Figures 5-4. PDOP Versus Time PlotP
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e. Field Processing and Verificatio
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All carrier phase relative-surveyin
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time spent and the cost of conducti
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movement between occupation sites,
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5-37. General. GPS baseline solutio
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(1) Receiver Time. This technique u
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NOTE: Repeated baselines should be
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5-43. Loop Closure Checks. Postproc
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necessary to determine approximate
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This will ensure that future work w
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may (and usually does) far exceed t
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important in evaluating the overall
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i. Relative GPS baseline standard e
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12. When the networking method is s
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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FAR-77 obstructions. Aircraft-movem
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Figure 6-1. Imaginary SurfacesEN059
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Figure 6-3. Approach Surfacesa. Fed
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. Federal Aviation Regulation-77, S
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Table 6-4. Airport Obstruction Accu
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A horizontal scale of 1:12,000 and
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Figure 6-4. Sample DA Form 5821 (Ai
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Figure 6-5. Sample DA Form 5822 (PA
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