surveying iii (topographic and geodetic surveys) - Modern Prepper

More documents

Recommendations

Info

designate the exact point of reference for angular and linear measurements. To assist in recovering astation, surveyors drive a reference (witness) stake into the ground so that it slopes toward the station.Surveyors must write the identification of the station on the reference stake or attached tag using alumber crayon or a china-marking pencil. Signal cloth may also be tied to the reference stake to furtherassist in identifying or recovering a station.j. Station Signals. A signal must be erected over survey stations to provide a sighting point for theinstrument operator. The survey target set is the most commonly used signal.k. Traverse-Party Organization. The number of personnel available to perform survey operationsdepends on the unit's TOE. The organization of these people into a traverse party and the dutiesassigned to each member will depend on the unit's SOP. The organization and duties of a traverse partyare based on the functional requirements of the traverse.l. Team Members. The party chief selects and marks the locations of the traverse stations andsupervises the work of the other party members. The party chief also assists in survey reconnaissanceand planning. Additional team members perform the following duties: The instrument operator measures the horizontal angles and distances at each traverse station. The recorder keeps the field notes in a field notebook and records the measured angles anddistances and all other information pertaining to the survey. The rodman assists the party chief in marking the traverse stations, removes the target fromthe rear station (when signaled by the instrument operator), and moves the target forward tothe next traverse station.m. Azimuth Computations. The azimuth of a line is the horizontal angle (measured clockwise) froma base direction to the line in question. To compute a traverse, surveyors determine an azimuth for eachtraverse leg (section). The azimuth for each succeeding leg is determined by adding the value of themeasured angle at the occupied station to the value of the azimuth from the occupied station to the rearstation. Upon occupation of each successive station, the first step is to compute the back azimuth of thepreceding leg (the azimuth from the occupied station to the rear station).n. Azimuth Adjustment. Surveyors must determine the need for adjustment before beginning finalcoordinatecomputations. If the angular error of closure (AEC) falls within the computed allowable error(AE), the azimuths of the traverse may be adjusted. Use the following formula to determine theallowable AEC for third-order, Class I traverse:EN0593 3-30
If the azimuth error does not fall within the AEC, surveyors must reobserve the station angles of thetraverse in the field.o. Azimuth Corrections. Before determining a correction, surveyors compute the actual azimutherror. The azimuth error is obtained by subtracting the computed closing azimuth from the knownclosing azimuth. This difference provides the angular error with the appropriate sign. By reversing thissign, the azimuth correction (with the appropriate sign) is obtained. If the azimuth correction fallswithin allowable limits, surveyors may compute the error and the correction.(1) Traverse adjustment is based on the assumption that errors have accumulated gradually andsystematically throughout the traverse. The azimuth correction is applied accordingly. The correction isdistributed systematically among the angles of the traverse.(2) After the angles are adjusted, surveyors compute the adjusted azimuth of each leg by usingthe starting azimuth and the adjusted angles at each traverse station. Surveyors should compute theadjusted azimuth throughout the entire traverse and check against the correct azimuth to the closingazimuth mark before beginning any further traverse computations.p. Azimuth-Bearing Angle Relationship. The trigonometric functions (sine, cosine, tangent, and soon) of the azimuth and the bearing are numerically the same. Surveyors may use either the azimuth orthe bearing to compute the traverse. The choice depends upon the computer and the availableequipment.q. Azimuth and Bearing. If a calculator with angular functions is available, the use of the azimuthis easier since it eliminates the need to compute the bearing. If the functions must be determined fromtables, it is necessary to first compute the bearing angles since the tabulation of functions is normallypublished for angles of 0° to 90°. The bearing of a line is the acute angle (less than 90) formed by theline in question and the north-south line through the occupied point. This illustrates the relationshipbetween the azimuth of a line and its bearing.r. Quadrants. The manner for computing bearing angles from a given azimuth depends on thequadrant in which the azimuth lies. When the azimuth is in the first quadrant (0° to 90°), the bearing isequal to the azimuth. When the azimuth is in the second quadrant (90° to 180°), the bearing is equal to180° minus the azimuth. When the azimuth is in the third quadrant (180° to 270°), the bearing is equalto the azimuth, minus 180°. When the azimuth is in the fourth quadrant (270° to 360°), the bearing isequal to 360° minus the azimuth. Since the numerical values of the bearings repeat in each quadrant,surveyors must label them and indicate into which quadrant they fall. The label must indicate whetherthe bearing angle is measured from the north or south line and whether it is east or west of that line. For3-31 EN0593
Page 1 and 2:
SUBCOURSEEN0593EDITIONAUNITED STATE
Page 3 and 4:
TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE:ACTION:
Page 6 and 7:
Part G: Adjusting Precise-Positioni
Page 8 and 9:
PART A - FIGURES OF THE EARTH1-1. T
Page 10 and 11:
Figure 1-2. Flattening Fractiona. T
Page 12 and 13:
1-3. Geoid. In geodesy, precise com
Page 15 and 16:
point in the survey to provide the
Page 18 and 19:
one side of a triangle and all of t
Page 20 and 21:
Figure 1-10. Simple Triangulation N
Page 22 and 23:
observation, contains a light sourc
Page 24 and 25:
of a horizontal rod with a small sp
Page 26 and 27:
The Airy theory, announced by G. B.
Page 28 and 29:
Figure 1-15. Products of the Gravim
Page 30 and 31:
a. If the shape of the earth was ex
Page 32 and 33:
Figure 1-16. Single Astronomic Stat
Page 34 and 35:
Figure 1-17. Astro-Geodetic Deflect
Page 36 and 37:
Figure 1-19. Astro-Geodetic Datum O
Page 38 and 39:
(c) The significance of a gravity-o
Page 40 and 41:
absolute deflections of the vertica
Page 42 and 43:
Figure 1-23. Preferred Datumsa. The
Page 44 and 45:
1-17. The World Geodetic System. Be
Page 46 and 47:
Figure 1-25. Using the Same Referen
Page 48 and 49:
LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 50 and 51:
12. Which of the following is assum
Page 52 and 53:
LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
Page 54 and 55:
THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
Page 56 and 57:
for all military and civilian activ
Page 58 and 59:
i. Additional support for other top
Page 60 and 61:
2-7. Status. At present, topographi
Page 62 and 63:
in both. (North American Datum of 1
Page 64 and 65:
water can impede leveling operation
Page 66 and 67:
A field recording booklet. A single
Page 68 and 69:
PART I - OFFICE WORK2-24. General.
Page 70 and 71:
PART J - SURVEY COMMUNICATION2-28.
Page 72 and 73:
length or side is known, and all th
Page 74 and 75:
second-order, Class I net. The leng
Page 76 and 77:
The number of observations required
Page 78 and 79:
to perform the reconnaissance. Fail
Page 80 and 81:
and cultivated, or fields may have
Page 82 and 83:
e an alphanumeric symbol that is st
Page 84 and 85:
2-53. Intervisibility of Stations.
Page 86 and 87: station is (K/2) 2 x 0.0676, or one
Page 88 and 89: Figure 2-8. Similar Triangles Solut
Page 90 and 91: 2-54. Height of Obstructions. It is
Page 92 and 93: authorized to change the name, it s
Page 94 and 95: Figure 2-12. Cells Connected in Par
Page 96 and 97: added as the cells weaken. Three un
Page 98 and 99: Figure 2-16. Construction Details f
Page 100 and 101: 2-60. Wooden Towers. When it become
Page 102 and 103: LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 104 and 105: 11. The face of the 5-inch signal l
Page 106 and 107: LESSON 2PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
Page 108 and 109: average line in a triangulation sys
Page 110 and 111: 3-4. Slope Measurements. The slope
Page 112 and 113: strip as close as possible to its f
Page 114 and 115: . Sight along the tops of both of t
Page 116 and 117: Column 1. Record the station number
Page 118 and 119: stake to steady it. With the back o
Page 120 and 121: Figure 3-3. DA Form 4446 (Sample of
Page 122 and 123: micrometer in this optical system i
Page 124 and 125: laterally across the front of the e
Page 126 and 127: Figure 3-7. Horizontal Circle and M
Page 128 and 129: out of adjustment. If the index mar
Page 130 and 131: (1) In order to avoid instrumental
Page 132 and 133: location of the vertical circle on
Page 134 and 135: Figure 3-13. Open Traversec. Closed
Page 138 and 139: example, a line with an azimuth of
Page 140 and 141: When adjusting a traverse that star
Page 144 and 145: 11. The unit of graduation on a hor
Page 146 and 147: LESSON 3PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
Page 148 and 149: THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
Page 150 and 151: differential leveling. The theodoli
Page 152 and 153: additional runs are made due to exc
Page 154 and 155: Figure 4-2. Wild N-3 Precision Leve
Page 156 and 157: (8) Loosen the azimuth clamp (13),
Page 158 and 159: 4.7. Miscellaneous Equipment. In ad
Page 160 and 161: (2) To check for gross errors in th
Page 162 and 163: (a) (1) Begin by completing the inf
Page 164 and 165: Set up and level the instrument. Re
Page 166 and 167: Figure 4-8. Sun and Wind Code(5) Th
Page 168 and 169: (10) Enter the interval between the
Page 170 and 171: Figure 4-9. Closed-Circuit River Cr
Page 172 and 173: Figure 4-11. Sample DA Form 5820 (R
Page 174 and 175: is 0. When the telescope is pointed
Page 176 and 177: stations. However, since all statio
Page 178 and 179: a. Complete the heading, as shown.b
Page 180 and 181: a. (1) Enter the date, as in the sa
Page 184 and 185: 11. The maximum length of site to o
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
PART A - GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
Page 190 and 191:
5-7. Pseudorange. A pseudorange is
Page 192 and 193:
5-15. Number of Pseudorange Observa
Page 194 and 195:
i. Probable Error Measures. The acc
Page 196 and 197:
Table 5-1. Representative GPS Error
Page 198 and 199:
Table 5-2. Carrier Phase Trackinga.
Page 200 and 201:
exercise extreme caution in applyin
Page 202 and 203:
not be designed or performed to ach
Page 204 and 205:
Table 5-3. GPS-S Design, Geometry,
Page 206 and 207:
f. Multiple/Repeat Baseline Connect
Page 208 and 209:
possible ionospheric and tropospher
Page 210 and 211:
Figures 5-4. PDOP Versus Time PlotP
Page 212 and 213:
e. Field Processing and Verificatio
Page 214 and 215:
All carrier phase relative-surveyin
Page 216 and 217:
time spent and the cost of conducti
Page 218 and 219:
movement between occupation sites,
Page 220 and 221:
5-37. General. GPS baseline solutio
Page 222 and 223:
(1) Receiver Time. This technique u
Page 224 and 225:
NOTE: Repeated baselines should be
Page 226 and 227:
5-43. Loop Closure Checks. Postproc
Page 228 and 229:
necessary to determine approximate
Page 230 and 231:
This will ensure that future work w
Page 232 and 233:
may (and usually does) far exceed t
Page 234 and 235:
important in evaluating the overall
Page 236 and 237:
i. Relative GPS baseline standard e
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
12. When the networking method is s
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
Page 246 and 247:
FAR-77 obstructions. Aircraft-movem
Page 248 and 249:
Figure 6-1. Imaginary SurfacesEN059
Page 250 and 251:
Figure 6-3. Approach Surfacesa. Fed
Page 252 and 253:
. Federal Aviation Regulation-77, S
Page 254 and 255:
Table 6-4. Airport Obstruction Accu
Page 256 and 257:
A horizontal scale of 1:12,000 and
Page 258 and 259:
Figure 6-4. Sample DA Form 5821 (Ai
Page 260 and 261:
Figure 6-5. Sample DA Form 5822 (PA
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264:
show all

surveying iii (topographic and geodetic surveys) - Modern Prepper

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?